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had a beam of 108 feet. Iowa was armed with nine 16-inch guns, and its power plant was capable of producing 210,000 horsepower and a top speed of 33.5 knots. The ship’s complement included 142 officers, 2,394 enlisted men, and 98 Marines. It was commanded by Captain John L. McCrea, the president’s former naval aide.

54. FDR to ER, November 18, 1943, 2 F.D.R.: His Personal Letters 1469, Elliott Roosevelt, ed. (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1950).

55. Memo of Major General Thomas Handy, November 19, 1943, cited in Maurice Matloff, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1943–1944 341–342 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1959). The minutes of the Iowa conference are reproduced in Foreign Relations of the United States, The Conferences at Cairo and Teheran, 1943 253–261 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961).

56. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 256.

57. For a facsimile fold-out copy of FDR’s National Geographic sketch, see Jean Edward Smith, The Defense of Berlin 18–19 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1963).

58. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It 133 (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1946).

59. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 285–287. Lieutenant Junior Grade William M. Rigdon, who kept the president’s log, chastely recorded that Ms. Summersby was a guest of Elliott and FDR, Jr. The following day FDR shared a picnic lunch with Ike and Kay Summersby and subsequently told his daughter, Anna, he believed they were sleeping together. Anna to John Boettiger, December 27, 1943, FDRL.

60. FDR to Lord Louis Mountbatten, November 8, 1943, 2 F.D.R.: His Personal Letters 1468.

61. Winston S. Churchill, Closing the Ring 328 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1951).

62. Ibid. 341.

63. Ibid.

64. Lord Moran, Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran 143 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966).

65. Churchill, Hinge of Fate 434.

66. W. Averell Harriman and Edie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 536 (New York: Random House, 1975).

67. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 344.

68. Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History: 1929–1969 136 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973).

69. Michael F. Reilly and William J. Slocum, Reilly of the White House 179 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1947).

70. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 483. “Bohlen Minutes,” Roosevelt-Stalin meeting, 3 P.M., November 28, 1943.

71. Bohlen, Witness to History 136.

72. Ibid. 139.

73. Ibid. 142.

74. Combined Chiefs of Staff Minutes, November 28, 1943, in FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 497.

75. Bohlen Supplementary Memorandum, November 28, 1943, ibid. 513.

76. In the years before the Treaty of Westphalia (1648), Richelieu aligned France with the numerous German dukes against Hapsburg hegemony. Tripartite Dinner Meeting, November 28, 1943, ibid. 511.

77. Tripartite Political Meeting, December 1, 1943, ibid. 600.

78. Ibid. 602–603.

79. Churchill, Closing the Ring 374.

80. Bohlen, Witness to History 143.

81. Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew 85 (New York: Viking, 1946.)

82. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 512; Churchill, Closing the Ring 362.

83. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 594. Also see Harriman, Special Envoy 279.

84. WSC to FDR, October 18, 1944, FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 884–885. For the full text of the cable, see 3 Churchill and Roosevelt 358–359.

85. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 594–595.

86. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 489.

87. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 681.

88. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 535–537; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 788–789; Lord Moran, Churchill 147.

89. Lord Moran, Churchill 147.

90. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 538.

91. Lord Moran, Churchill 147.

92. Bohlen, Witness to History 148.

93. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 539. Admiral William D. Leahy, I Was There 207 (New York: Whittlesey House, 1950).

94. Leahy, I Was There 207.

95. Bohlen, Witness to History 148.

96. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 578.

97. Stimson diary (MS), December 5, 1943, Yale University.

98. Churchill, Closing the Ring 384–385.

99. Bohlen, Witness to History 149.

100. Lord Hastings Ismay, The Memoirs of General Lord Ismay 340 (New York: Viking, 1960).

101. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran