Forgotten Wars_ Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia - Christopher Bayly [333]
109. Kevin Blackburn, ‘The collective memory of the sook ching massacre and the creation of the civilian war memorial of Singapore’, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 73, 2 (2000), p. 76.
CHAPTER 2 1945: THE PAINS OF VICTORY
1. T. L. Hughes to H. Stevenson, 15 August 1945, fortnightly reports f. 24, Clague Papers, Mss Eur E252/55, OIOC.
2. Slim to HQ ALFSEA, 15 May 1945, in Hugh Tinker (ed.), Burma: the struggle for independence, 1944–1948, vol. I: From military occupation to civil government, 1 January 1944 to 31 August 1946 (London, 1983), p. 250.
3. Loyal resolution by leading Burmese monks at Rangoon victory celebrations, 15 June 1945, Governor of Burma’s Papers, M/3/1736, OIOC.
4. The naming of Aung San’s forces is extremely confusing, to say the least. The Burma Independence Army (BIA) of 1941–2 became the Burma Defence Army (BDA) shortly after the Japanese invasion. On ‘independence’ in 1943 it became the Burma National Army (BNA). In July 1945, along with other armed elements, it became part of the Burma Patriotic Forces (PBF), though many of its personnel were stood down and became members of the People’s Volunteer Organizations (PVOs or, in Burmese, PYTs). To avoid alphabet soup we have continued to refer to the predominantly Burman forces of the PBF as BNA. For a comprehensive account using Burmese-language material, see, Mary P. Callahan, Making enemies: War and state building in Burma (Ithaca, 2004).
5. Maung Maung, To a soldier son (Rangoon, 1974), p. 77.
6. Ibid., p. 79.
7. Ibid., pp. 74–5.
8. ‘Twelfth Army report upon the state of civil affairs departments and conditions in Burma, 16 October 1945’, WO203/2269, TNA.
9. Rangoon Liberator, 27 September 1945, copy in Governor of Burma’s Papers, M/3/1693, OIOC.
10. Ibid.
11. Fortnightly intelligence report, civil censorship, no. 2, Burma and Malaya, 23 August 1945, R/8/41, OIOC.
12. ‘Report on the general feelings of the people in the Rangoon area’, c. July–August 1945, in fortnightly reports, Clague Papers, Mss Eur E252/55, OIOC.
13. Balwant Singh, Independence and democracy in Burma, 1945–52: the turbulent years (Ann Arbor, 1993), p. 14.
14. Gordon S. Seagrave, Burma surgeon (London, 1944), and Burma surgeon returns (London, 1946).
15. Gordon S. Seagrave, My hospital in the hills (London, 1957).
16. Ibid, p. 36.
17. Comments of Sir William Slim, SAC meeting, 5 September 1945, WO/203/5240, TNA; Angelene Naw, Aung San and the struggle for Burmese independence (Copenhagen, 2001), p. 135.
18. Naw, Aung San, p. 135.
19. Minute by S. Brooke-Wavell, RAF Public Relations Officer on Than Tun, November 1945, Tom Driberg papers, S3, 23, Christ Church, Oxford.
20. Aung Sang to Mountbatten, 25 September 1945, Dorman-Smith Papers, Mss Eur E215/14, OIOC.
21. Dorman-Smith to Leo Amery, 25 June 1945, L/PO/9/10, OIOC.
22. Maurice Collis, Last and first in Burma, 1941–48 (London, 1956), p. 243.
23. Meeting between the governor of Burma and representatives of organizations and communities in Burma, WO203/5238, TNA; Tinker, Burma, vol. I, pp. 339–40.
24. U Ba U, My Burma: the autobiography of a president (New York, 1959), pp, 176, 183.
25. ‘Victory dinner, 15 September 1945’, menu in Tom Driberg Papers, S3, 1, Christ Church, Oxford.
26. Naw, Aung San, p. 141.
27. Mountbatten to Dorman-Smith, 1 August 1944, Dorman-Smith Papers, Mss Eur E215/28, OIOC.
28. Sir R. MacDougall to Dorman-Smith, 20 October 1944, Dorman-Smith Papers, Mss Eur E215/15, OIOC.
29. Joseph Silverstein (ed.), The Political Legacy of Aung San (Ithaca, 1976); Gustaaf Houtman, Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics (Tokyo, 2002), pp. 181–9.
30. Callahan, Making enemies, pp. 109–11.
31. Aung San to Mountbatten, 25 September 1945, Dorman-Smith Papers, Mss Eur E215/28, OIOC.
32. Tom Driberg, Ruling passions (London, 1979), p. 215.
33. Driberg’s column in Reynolds News, 14 October 1945.
34. Ibid.