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65. ‘Sabilu’llah and invulnerability’, supplement to Malayan Security Service, Political Intelligence Journal, No. 9/1947, 15 June 1947, Dalley Papers, RHO; A. J. Stockwell, British policy and Malay politics during the Malayan Union experiment, 1945–1948 (Kuala Lumpur, 1979), p. 150, and n. 21.

66. ‘Report on incidents of banditry, Langkap area’, 25 September 1945, HS1/107, TNA.

67. Cheah, Red star over Malaya, p. 225.

68. J. K. Creer, ‘Report on experiences during Japanese occupation of Malaya’, 3 November 1945, Heussler Reports, RHO.

69. Chin Peng, My side of history, pp. 110–11.

70. Wilfred Blythe, The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a historical study (London, 1969), pp. 327–38.

71. Mahmud bin Mat, Tinggal kenangan: the memoirs of Dato’ Sir Mahmud bin Mat (Kuala Lumpur, 1997), pp. 271–88; Gough, Jungle was red, p. 163.

72. Tunku Abdul Rahman, As a matter of interest (Petaling Jaya, 1981), pp. 162–3.

73. Pamela Ong Siew Im, One man’s will: a portrait of Dato’ Sir Onn bin Ja’afar (Penang, 1998), pp. 170–1.

74. Anwar Abdullah, Dato Onn (Petaling Jaya, 1971), p. 111.

75. Cheah, Red star over Malaya, pp. 225–30.

76. S. Chelvasingham-MacIntyre, Through memory lane (Singapore, 1973), p. 128.

77. Rahman, As a matter of interest, pp. 160–1.

78. John Tan Boon Liang, A bamboo flower blooms (New York, 1984), pp. 215–16.

79. O. W. Gilmour, With freedom to Singapore (London, 1950), pp. 74–9; Romen Bose, The end of the war: Singapore’s liberation and the aftermath of the Second World War (Singapore, 2005), pp. 2–11.

80. Gilmour, With freedom to Singapore, pp. 89–93, 150.

81. Note by Lt Cdr W. E. Machin, HQ British East India Fleet, 13 September 1945, ADM1/25907, TNA.

82. S. Woodburn Kirby, The war against Japan, vol. V, The surrender of Japan (London, 1969), pp. 266–9.

83. Chin Peng, My side of history, p. 130; Alan Stripp, Codebreaker in the Far East (Oxford, 1989), p. 176.

84. Capt. G. P. Brownie, quoted in Gough, Jungle was red, p. 158.

85. R. W. Holder, Eleven months in Malaya: September 1945 to August 1946 (Kuala Lumpur, 2005), p. 24.

86. Chin Peng, My side of history, p. 129.

87. Gough, Jungle was red, p. 161.

88. Gilmour, With freedom to Singapore, pp. 101–2.

89. Holder, Eleven months in Malaya, pp. 37–8.

90. Frank Gibney (ed), Sensō: the Japanese remember the Pacific War: letters to the editor of Asahi Shimbun (London, 1995), pp. 226–7.

91. ‘Report on RAPWI in Malaya and Singapore’, 7 January 1946, BMA/ADM/2/34.

92. Arshak Catihatoer Galstaun interview, OHD, SNA.

93. A. J. F. Doulton, The Fighting Cock: being the history of the 23rd Indian Division, 1942–1947 (Aldershot, 1951), p. 222.

94. Madelaine Masson, Edwina: the biography of the Countess Mountbatten of Burma (London, 1958), p. 150.

95. Dato Haji Mohamed Yudof Bangs interview, OHD, SNA.

96. Gilmour, With freedom to Singapore, p. 96.

97. Sheila Allan, Diary of a girl in Changi, 1941–45 (2nd edn., Roseville, NSW, 1999), pp. 137–47.

98. Sjovald Cunyngham-Brown, Crowded hour (London, 1975), pp. 147–9.

99. Letter to his wife, 10 September 1945, John Lowe Woods, An Irishman in Malaya (Peterhead, 1977), p. 136.

100. Gilmour, With freedom to Singapore, p. 100.

101. ‘Appendix A: The psychological state of RAPWI’, Lt. Col. R. F. Tred-gold, ‘Psychiatry in ALFSEA’, March 1946, WO222/1319, TNA; Robert H. Ahrenfeldt, Psychiatry in the British army in the Second World War (London, 1950), p. 235.

102. ‘Appendix D: Talks to groups of repatriates’, Lt Col. R. F. Tredgold, ‘Psychiatry in ALFSEA’, March 1946, WO222/1319, TNA.

103. Bose, The end of the war, pp. 116–24.

104. Note by Lt Cdr W. E. Machin, HQ British East India Fleet, 13 September 1945, ADM1/25907, TNA; Low, When Singapore was Syonan-to, pp. 132–3.

105. Wong, From Pacific War to Merdeka, pp. 21–2.

106. Chelvasingham-MacIntyre, Through memory lane, pp. 128–9.

107. L. F. Pendred, Director of Intelligence, ‘The visit of Pandit Nehru to Malaya’, 30 March 1946, CO717/149/8, TNA.

108. Kevin Blackburn and Edmund Lim, ‘The Japanese war memorials of Singapore: monuments of