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September 1945 to August 1946 (Kuala Lumpur, 2005), pp. 91–2. These images are in the collection of the Imperial War Museum; see, for example, Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper, Forgotten armies: Britain’s Asian Empire and the war with Japan (London, 2004), illustration no. 24.

24. Jan Ruff-O’Herne, 50 years of silence (Sydney, 1994), p. 131. For pioneering work on the Malayan case, Nakahara Michiko, ‘Comfort women in Malaysia’, Critical Asian Studies, 33, 4 (2001), pp. 581–9.

25. Minutes of the inaugural meeting of the Singapore Social Welfare Council, 26 July 1946; H. R. Horne, ‘Girls’ training school’, 26 September 1946, BMA/CH/27/45, SNA.

26. V. Purcell, minute, 25 March 1946, BMA/ADM/2/46, ANM.

27. Harper, The end of empire, pp. 42–4, 97, 229–30.

28. Nutrition Unit Visit to Mersing, BMA/HQ S.DIV/466/45; Matthews to Purcell, 22 September 1945, BMA/CH/7/45, SNA; Nutrition Unit, BMA, Malaya, ‘Final Report’, BMA/DEPT/1/13, ANM.

29. Sudarajulu Laksmana Perumal interview, OHD, SNA.

30. ‘Monthly report on labour, December 1945’, BMA/DEPT/2/1, ANM.

31. Pickering, ‘Monthly report for December 1945’; ‘Monthly report for January 1946’.

32. R. E. Vine, ‘Memorandum on the medical aspects of the use of opium and allied drugs in Malaya’, 5 December 1944; War Office to ALFSEA, 18 April 1945, BMA/DEPT/1/14 Pt 1, ANM.

33. Nanyang Siang Pau [Singapore], 23 November 1945; Pook Luk, ‘Broad-casting station’, Nanyang Siang Pau, 27 November 1945. Citations from the Chinese, Malay and Tamil press come from the translations in a variety of ‘Chinese Press Summaries’ and ‘Vernacular Press Digests’ prepared by the colonial government and to be found in the Singapore National Archives, the National Library of Singapore, the Arkib Negara Malaysia and the library of SOAS, London. The translations were selective and made in haste, but in some cases they form the only extant record of these journals.

34. Chang Cheng Yean interview, OHD, SNA.

35. Heng Chiang Ki interview, OHD, SNA.

36. ‘The Civilians’ to Victor Purcell, 9 December 1945, BMA/CH/7/45, SNA.

37. Ralph Hone to F. S. V. Donnison, 25 March 1953, Hone Papers, RHO.

38. Wilfred Blythe, The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a historical study (London, 1969), pp. 338–44.

39. D. F. Grant diary, 17 June 1946, DF/370/45, ANM.

40. J. P. Mead, ‘Renewed collection of forest revenue’, 19 October 1945, DF/90/45, ANM.

41. Ang Keong Lan interview, OHD, SNA.

42. Haggard and Haggard, ‘An account of the BMA of Upper Perak’.

43. Peter Bates, Japan and the British Commonwealth Occupation Force, 1946–52 (London, 1994), p. 105.

44. Hone to F. S. V. Donnison, 1 May 1952, Hone Papers, RHO; H. T. Pagden, ‘Unrest in Malaya’, in letter to O. H. Morris of the Colonial Office, 12 October 1948, CO537/3757, TNA.

45. Charles Gamba, The origins of trade unionism in Malaya (Singapore, 1960), pp. 46–7; Arshak Catihatoer Galstaun interview, OHD, SNA.

46. Nanyang Siang Pau, 20 November 1945.

47. Victor Purcell to Maj. General G. N. Wood, 28 December 1945, WO203/5302, TNA.

48. Kin Kwok Daily News [Ipoh], 12 December 1945.

49. Sin Chew Jit Poh [Singapore], 19 November 1945.

50. Dr Benjamin Chew interview, OHD, SNA.

51. Victor Purcell to CCAO, 31 October 1945; H. S. Lee to Purcell, 29 October 1945, BMA/CH/31/45, SNA.

52. James to Purcell, 13 November 1945, BMA/CH/31/45, SNA.

53. Gay Wan Guay interview, OHD, SNA.

54. Straits Times [Singapore], 20 December 1945; HQ SACSEA, ‘Discipline: Singapore Island’, 12 January 1946, WO203/4362, TNA.

55. Kung Pao [Singapore], 18 April 1946.

56. B. Dean, The theatre at war (London, 1956), p. 490.

57. Brig, E. H. A. J. O’Donnell to Norman Collins, BBC, 21 September 1945; Minister of Food to First Lord of the Admiralty, 5 September 1945, WO32/11479, TNA.

58. Holder, Eleven months in Malaya, pp. 55–66.

59. Malaya Tribune [Kuala Lumpur], 9 December 1945.

60. For a rare historical study, Haryati Hasan, ‘Malay women and prostitution in Kota Bahru, Kelantan, 1950s–1970s’, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 78, 1 (2005), pp. 97–120.