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162. Oswald Henry, ‘Singapore makes Malay movies’, Malaya Tribune, 24 December 1947.

163. Gregory Clancey, ‘Towards a spatial history of emergency: notes from Singapore’, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Working Paper 8, 2003.

164. Federation of Malaya, Political Report for January 1949, CO537/4763, TNA.

165. Malaya Tribune, 29 March, 1949.

166. ‘Translation of a printed MCP booklet entitled “Present day situation and duties”’, 1 November 1949, FO371/84481, TNA.

167. W. C. S. Corry to W. E. Rigby, 9 May 1949, BA Pahang/99/49, ANM.

168. Firdaus Haji Abdullah, Radical Malay politics: its origins and early development (Petaling Jaya, 1985), pp. 24–6.

169. ‘Translation of a printed MCP booklet entitled “Present day situation and duties”’, 1 November 1949, FO371/84481, TNA.

170. Chin Peng, My side of history, p. 262.

171. A document, purporting to be from the Malayan Communist Party, Johore–Malacca Border Committee, Death of a heretic (Singapore, 1951).

172. ‘Yap Sang, 14 October 1949’, B. P. Walker Taylor Papers, RHO.

173. Federal War Council Joint Intelligence Advisory Committee, ‘The potential of the Malayan Communist Party’, 24 October 1950, FO371/84482, TNA.

EPILOGUE: THE END OF BRITAIN’S ASIAN EMPIRE

1. Mustapha Hussain, Malay nationalism before Umno: the memoirs of Mustapha Hussain, translated by Insun Mustapha and edited by Jomo K. S. (Kuala Lumpur, 2005), p. 313.

2. From Utusan Melayu, 23 August 1947, translated and quoted in Ariffin Omar, Bangsa Melayu: Malay concepts of democracy and community, 1945–50 (Kuala Lumpur, 1993), p. 116.

3. ‘The United Kingdom in South-East Asia and the Far East’, October 1949, and cabinet conclusions on ‘South-East Asia and the Far East’, in A. J. Stockwell, ed., British documents on the end of empire: Malaya, part II (London, 1995), pp. 158–70, 173.

4. Rajeswary Ampalavanar, The Indian minority and political change in Malaya, 1945–1955 (Kuala Lumpur, 1981), p. 27.

5. George C. Thomson, ‘Political Assessment of the visit of Pandit Nehru to Singapore’, 29 June 1950, FO371/101233, TNA.

6. Anthony Short, In pursuit of mountain rats: the communist insurrection in Malaya (Singapore, 2000 [1975]), pp. 507–8.

7. Michael Calvert, Fighting mad (Shrewsbury, 1996), pp. 202–5.

8. David Rooney, Mad Mike: a life of Michael Calvert (London, 1997), pp. 134–45.

9. Tony Geraghty, Who dares wins: the story of SAS, 1952–92, 3rd edn (London, 1992), pp. 327–55.

10. The Times, 13 August 1953; Raffi Gregorian, The British army, the Gurkhas and Cold War strategy in the Far East, 1947–1954 (Basingstoke, 2002), p. 175.

11. Timothy Parsons, The African rank-and-file: social implications of colonial military service in the King’s African Rifles, 1902–1964 (Oxford, 1999), pp. 39, 93, 109, 166, 199, 212. Malcolm Page, A history of The King’s African Rifles and East African Forces (London, 1998), pp. 190–95.

12. Short, In pursuit of mountain rats, pp. 304–5. For the absence of planning see Chin Peng, My side of history (Singapore, 2004), pp. 287–9.

13. The Times, 6 December 1951.

14. A great deal has been written about these reappraisals. For Lyttelton’s report see, ‘Malaya’: Cabinet memorandum by Mr Lyttelton, 21 December 1951, in Stockwell, British documents: Malaya, part II, pp. 319–533. Also, Short, In pursuit of mountain rats, pp. 322–44; Richard Stubbs, Hearts and minds in guerrilla warfare: the Malayan Emergency, 1948–1960 (Singapore, 1989), pp. 136–40.

15. John Cloake, Templer: tiger of Malaya (London, 1985).

16. Victor Purcell, Malaya: communist or free? (Stanford, 1955), p. 16.

17. R. W. I. Bland to Heussler, 21 August 1969, Heussler Papers, RHO.

18. For ongoing controversy, see Karl Hack, ‘“Iron claws on Malaya”: the historiography of the Malayan Emergency’, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 30, 1 (1999), pp. 99–125, who also argues for an early change of direction, and Kumar Ramakrishna, who restates the pivotal importance of Templer in ‘“Transmogrifying