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19. Robert Heussler, British rule in Malaya, 1942–57 (Singapore, 1985), p. 186.

20. For the coercive side of the population control from a counter-insurgency perspective, see also Hack, ‘“Iron claws on Malaya”’, pp. 115–23.

21. Johore Council of State, 4 October 1950, Sel. Sec/151/149, ANM.

22. We are grateful to Simon Winder for suggesting this image.

23. D. W. Le Mare, ‘Community development’, INF/18677/533, ANM.

24. Sir Robert Thompson, Defeating communist insurgency: experiences from Malaya and Vietnam (London, 1966).

25. Han Suyin, My house has two doors (London, 1980), p. 79.

26. Federation of Malaya, Report on the conduct of food searches at Semenyih in the Kajang District of the State of Selangor (Kuala Lumpur, 1956).

27. For this see Frank Furedi, ‘Britain’s colonial wars: playing the ethnic card’, Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 28, 1 (1990), pp. 70–89.

28. Ministry of Defence ‘Malaya: defence costs’, 13 November 1951, CO1022/34, TNA. This was first brought to light by Richard Stubbs, Counter-insurgency and the economic factor: the impact of the Korean War prices boom on the Malayan Emergency (ISEAS Occasional paper no. 19, Singapore, 1974).

29. Nicholas J. White, Business, government and the end of empire: Malaya, 1945–1957 (Kuala Lumpur, 1996), pp. 51–3.

30. For an extended discussion of the ‘domestication’ of the Malayan Chinese, see T. N. Harper, The end of empire and the making of Malaya (Cambridge, 1999), chs. 5 and 6.

31. Roy Follows, Jungle-beat: fighting terrorists in Malaya, 1952–61 (London, 2000), p. 97.

32. W. Johnson (ed.), The papers of Adlai E. Stevenson, vol. V:Visit to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, March–August 1953 (Boston, 1974), pp. 148–9.

33. Abdul Aziz Ishak, The architect of Merdeka: Tengku Abdul Rahman (Singapore, 1957).

34. Quoted in Harper, The end of empire, p. 322.

35. Khatijah Sidek, Memoirs of Khatijah Sidek: Puteri Kesateria Bangsa (Kuala Lumpur, 2001 [1960]), pp. 118, 124–5.

36. Miss P. G. Lim, ‘Radio broadcast on behalf of the Labour Party of Malaya’, 1 July, 1955, CO1030/313, TNA.

37. Francis G. Carnell, ‘The Malayan elections’, Pacific Affairs, 28, 4 (1955), pp. 315–30.

38. Sir Robert Scott to Anthony Eden, 23 October 1955, CO1030/245, TNA.

39. The Times, 3 October 1951.

40. ‘HH the Sultan of Johore’s speech’, in MacGillivray to Lennox-Boyd, 19 September 1955, CO1030/374, TNA.

41. Chan Heng Chee, A sensation of independence: a political biography of David Marshall (Singapore, 1984), pp. 93–4.

42. Said Zahari, Dark clouds at dawn (Kuala Lumpur, 2001), p. 285.

43. Ibid., p. 282.

44. Chin Peng, My side of history (Singapore, 2004), pp. 387–95.

45. Cited in Gustaaf Houtman, Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics (Tokyo, 2001), p. 267.

46. Peking to Rangoon, 4 July 1952, FO4371/101276, TNA.

47. C. W. Dunn to J. S. Furnivall, 30 August 1950, Furnivall Papers, PP/MS 23, vol. I, SOAS.

48. ‘A voice above the battle’, interview with Nehru, Picture Post, 49, 4 October 1950, pp. 13–15.

49. S. Gopal (ed.), Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru, Second Series (Delhi, 1984), vol. XIV, Part I, p. 501, n. 4.

50. J. S. Furnivall to C. W. Dunn, 17 June 1950, Furnivall Papers, PP/MS 23, vol. I, SOAS.

51. Mary Callahan, Making enemies: war and state building in Burma (Ithaca, 2004), pp. 137–44.

52. H. Bruce Franklin, ‘By the bomb’s early light; or the Quiet American’s war on terror’: http://rutgers.edu/~hbf/Quietam.htm.

53. Cloake, Templer, p. 297; Norman Cleaveland, Bang! Bang! in Ampang (San Pedro, CA, 1973), pp. 140–42.

54. John A Nagi, Learning to eat soup with a knife: counterinsurgency lessons from Malaya and Vietnam, new edn (New York, 2005).

55. Norman Sherry, Life of Graham Greene, 1939–1955 (London, 1994).

56. New Times of Burma, 5 January 1955.

57. The Nation, 7 August 1945.

58. The Nation, 21 July 1955.

59. Norman Lewis, The golden earth: travels in Burma (London, 1952), p. 139.

60. Ibid., p. 90.

61. Khin Myo