Free Radicals - Michael Brooks [123]
p. 42 The sixty-seven signatories made their feelings very clear: ‘Newsmakers: On Campus’, Science, vol. 319, p. 353 (2008).
p. 43 ‘… much more faithful to reason than Galileo himself’: P. Feyerabend, Against Method (Verso, 1993), p. 125.
p. 43 According to Giorgio Israel: a translation of Israel’s article is at http://freeforumzone.leonardo.it/discussione.aspx?idd=354494&p=156
p. 44 one in five of its accepted papers contained ‘questionable data’: Editorial: ‘Beautification and Fraud’, Nature Cell Biology, vol. 8, p. 101 (2006).
p. 44 learned ‘not to place too much reliance on any single piece of experimental evidence’: This quote and the one from Watson that follows are from F. Crick, What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989), p. 59.
p. 44 Ptolemy: in the second century ad, he manipulated data: See R.R. Newton, The Crime of Claudius Ptolemy (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), p. 80.
p. 46 a ‘useless fiction’: M.A. Finocchiaro (editor and translator), The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History (University of California Press, 1989), p. 128. The full quote refers to those who ‘resort to useless chimeras such as motions of the Moon and other fictions, without ever thinking about considering the different lengths and depths of the seas.’
p. 47 ‘… no one can manipulate the fudge factor quite so effectively …’: This quote and the one in the next paragraph are from R. Westfall, ‘Newton and the Fudge Factor’, Science, vol. 179, p. 751 (1973).
p. 47 Ptolemy has been forgiven as ‘honestly motivated’: the quote comes from an article ‘Science: The Ptruth About Ptolemy’ in Time, 28 November 1977, available at http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919182,00.html
p. 47 No lesser a figure than Einstein has exonerated Galileo: A. Einstein, Foreword to Galileo Galilei, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems – Ptolemaic & Copernican (University of California Press, 1967).
p. 48 ‘many of the risk factors for misconduct also seem to be what makes for good science’: J. Giles, ‘Breeding Cheats’, Nature, vol. 445, p. 242 (2007).
p. 48 ‘scientists who fall deeply in love with their hypothesis …’: P. Medawar, Advice to a Young Scientist (Harper & Row, 1979), p. 39.
p. 48 Sources for the Robert Millikan section: G. Holton, The Scientific Imagination (Cambridge University Press, 1978); T. Datta et al., ‘A New Look at the Sub-Electron Controversy of Milikan [sic] & Ehrenhaft’, http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0507170; Robert A. Millikan, Oil Drop Experiment Notebooks, Archives, California Institute of Technology, available at http://caltechln.library.caltech.edu/8/; D. Goodstein, ‘In Defense of Robert Andrews Millikan’, Engineering & Science, no. 4, p. 30 (2000), available at eands.caltech.edu/articles/Millikan%20Feature.pdf; K. Gottfried, M. Peltier and G. Cohen, with a reply by R. Lewontin, ‘On Fraud in Science: An Exchange’, New York Review of Books, 10 February 2005, available at http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2005/feb/10/on-fraud-in-science-an-exchange/
p. 51 ‘I did not like this, but I could see no other way out …’: H. Fletcher, ‘My Work with Millikan on the Oil-Drop Experiment’, Physics Today, June 1982, p. 43.
p. 54 ‘I cannot interpret Millikan’s italicized statement as anything other than a lie’: C. Whitbeck, ‘Truth and Trustworthiness in Research’, Science and Engineering Ethics, vol. 1, p. 403 (1995), available at http://www.onlineethics.org/Topics/RespResearch/ResEssays/cw2.aspx
p. 54 ‘it cannot be claimed that it has been finally decided’: O. Chwolson, quoted in G. Holton, The Scientific Imagination: Case Studies (Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 28.
p. 54 ‘The beauty here lies with the experiment not the experimenter’: G. Johnson, The Ten Most Beautiful Experiments (Vintage, 2009), p. 155.
p. 55 intuition is ‘an important, and perhaps in the end a researcher’s best, guide …’: F. Grinnell, ‘Misconduct: Acceptable Practices