Free Radicals - Michael Brooks [128]
p. 102 things ‘could have been done better’: M. Goodyear, ‘Further Lessons from the TGN1412 Tragedy’, British Medical Journal, vol. 333, p. 270 (2006).
p. 103 In 2005, ethicists Patricia Keith-Spiegel and Gerald Koocher published a rather enlightening paper: P. Keith-Spiegel and G. Koocher, ‘The IRB Paradox: Could the Protectors Also Encourage Deceit?’, Ethics and Behavior, vol. 15, p. 339 (2005), available at www.ethicsresearch.com/images/IRB_Paradox_EandB.pdf. See also J. Giles, ‘Researchers Break the Rules in Frustration at Review Boards’, Nature, vol. 438, p. 136 (2005); A. Dove, ‘Further Concern over Rules That Impede Research’, Nature Medicine, vol. 8, p. 5 (2002).
p. 104 ‘Who knows how many beneficial drugs are being withheld from the public’: Altman raises the question in L. Altman, Who Goes First? The Story of Self-Experimentation in Medicine (Random House 1986). Altman is the best source for many of the stories in this chapter, in particular the story of Werner Forssmann.
p. 106 The picture was published in Forssmannn’s breakthrough paper: W. Forssmann, ‘Die Sondierung des rechten Herzens’, Klinische Wochenschrift, vol. 45, p. 2085 (1929).
p. 107 eventually became Hitler’s Surgeon General to the Army: Marc Dewey and colleagues suggest that Sauerbruch was not all bad: he ‘supported victims of Nazi persecution, attempted to use his influence to put a stop to the “Euthanasia Program T4”, and in private expressed his criticism of National Socialists’. M. Dewey et al., ‘Ernst Ferdinand Sauerbruch and His Ambiguous Role in the Period of National Socialism’, Annals of Surgery, vol. 244, p. 315 (2006).
p. 107 the Allies had experimented on their own citizens and soldiers: See, for example, P. Cockburn, ‘US Navy Tested Mustard Gas on Its Own Sailors’, Independent, 14 March 1993, available at http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/us-navy-tested-mustard-gas-on-its-own-sailors-in-1943-the-americans-used-humans-in-secret-experiments-patrick-cockburn-in-washington-reports-on-the-survivors-who-bear-the-scars-1497508.html; and R. Evans, ‘Military Scientists Tested Mustard Gas on Indians’, Guardian, 1 September 2007, available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2007/sep/01/india.military
p. 107 And so arose the defining ethical guidelines in medical science: The Nuremberg Code can be viewed at http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/nuremberg.html
p. 108 Not that all wartime science was mired in dark deeds: Haldane’s exploits are detailed in R. Clark, J. B. S.: The Life and Work of J. B. S. Haldane (Quality Book Club, 1968), available at http://www.gyanpedia.in/Portals/0/Toys%20from%20Trash/Resources/books/haldanebio.pdf
p. 109 the three surgeons were jointly presented with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1956/forssmann-bio.html
p. 109 a moment of eye-watering recklessness: Newton’s illustrated account of his experiment is available at http://www.newtonproject.sussex. ac.uk/view/extract/normalized/NATP00004/start=par62&end=par64
p. 110 The nineteenth-century pioneers of anaesthesia: Altman’s Who Goes First is detailed on the history of anaesthesia, but you could also visit http://www.general-anaesthesia.com/#historical
p. 111 He was, in his own words, ‘a little scientist guy’: The quotes come from a fascinating and provocative TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design) talk available at http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/kary_mullis_on_what_scientists_do.html
p. 111 Sources for Barry Marshall’s story: ‘Helicobacter Connections’, Nobel Lecture, 8 December 2005, available at http://nobelprize.org/nobel_ prizes/medicine/laureates/2005/marshall-lecture.html; B. Marshall (editor), Helicobacter Pioneers: Firsthand Accounts from the Scientists Who Discovered Helicobacters 1892–1982 (Blackwell, 2002).
p. 118 Warren actually has no memory of the incident: Robin Warren, personal communication.
p. 121 Daniel Boorstin: ‘The greatest obstacle to knowledge is not ignorance; it is the illusion of knowledge