Free Radicals - Michael Brooks [132]
p. 152 building a womb from a few cells taken from the endometria: This is discussed in detail in G. Reynolds, ‘Artificial Wombs: Will We Grow Babies Outside Their Mothers’ Bodies?’, Popular Science, August 2005, available at http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2005–08/artificial-wombs; and F. Dolendo, ‘Baby Machines: The Birth of the Artificial Womb’, The Triple Helix, vol. 2(2), p. 4 (2006), available at http://stuff.mit.edu/afs/athena/activity/t/triplehelix/archive/MIT%20 Final2.pdf
p. 152 ‘third era of human reproduction’: S. Welin, ‘Reproductive Ectogenesis: The Third Era of Human Reproduction and Some Moral Consequences’, Science and Engineering Ethics, vol. 10, p. 615 (2004).
p. 153 And it will happen, Gosden says: R. Gosden, Designer Babies: Science and the Future of Human Reproduction (Victor Gollancz, 1999), p. 180. See also H. Pearson, ‘Making Babies: The Next 30 Years’, Nature, vol. 454, p. 260 (2008).
p. 153 it might take sixty years, he suggests, but it is ‘inevitable’: The quote comes from P. Klass, ‘The Artificial Womb Is Born’, New York Times Magazine, 29 September 1996, available at http://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/29/magazine/the-artificial-womb-is-born.html
p. 154 Jeremy Rifkin issued an apocalyptic warning: J. Rifkin and E. Howard, Who Should Play God? (Delacorte Press, 1977), p. 115.
p. 154 Rifkin has since suggested that children nurtured in an artificial womb: J. Rifkin, ‘The End of Pregnancy’, Guardian, 17 January 2002, available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/jan/17/gender.medicalscience
p. 155 Huxley declared that he would write it differently: See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_(novel)
p. 156 As far back as 1971, Edward Grossman … pointed out: Quoted in A. Alghrani, ‘The Legal and Ethical Ramifications of Ectogenesis’, Asian Journal of WTO & International Health Law and Policy, vol. 2, p. 189 (2007).
p. 156 ‘I find ectogenesis in many ways repugnant’: S. Welin, ‘Reproductive Ectogenesis: The Third Era of Human Reproduction and Some Moral Consequences’.
p. 156 As Roger Gosden has recently said: R. Gosden, ‘Roger Gosden Forecasts the Future’, New Scientist, 21 November 2006, available at http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10625-roger-gosden-forecasts-the-future.html
p. 157 fewer than twenty of our 20,000 or so genes are unique to humans: D. Knowles and A. McLysaght, ‘Recent de novo Origin of Human Protein-Coding Genes’, Genome Research, vol. 19, p. 1752 (2009).
p. 158 The Great Ape Project demanded: P. Singer (editor), The Great Ape Project (Fourth Estate, 1993).
p. 158 Fernando Sebastián, the archbishop of Pamplona and Tudela, called the idea ridiculous: ‘Spanish MPs Push for Apes’ Rights’, 8 June 2006, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5058986.stm
p. 159 Copernicus’s source was as strange and irrational as Einstein’s: P. Feyerabend, Against Method, Verso (1993), p. 39. Feyerabend also discusses the reactions of Galileo and Ptolemy.
p. 161 Stephen Hawking had declared, Laplacelike, that God is defunct as Creator: H. Devlin, ‘Hawking: God Did Not Create Universe’, Times, 2 Sept 2010.
p. 161 Hawking tells the story of a 1981 conference on cosmology: S. Hawking, A Brief History of Time (Bantam, 1995), p. 116.
CHAPTER 6
p. 163 ‘I played over the music of that scoundrel Brahms …’: These examples are drawn from C. Cerf and V. Navasky, The Experts Speak: The Definitive Compendium of Authoritative Misinformation (Villard, 1998), via an eye-opening essay by Thomas Gold: ‘New Ideas in Science’, Journal of Scientific Exploration, vol. 3, p. 103 (1989).
p. 164 Lewis was found dead in his laboratory: The lives and rivalries of Lewis, Langmuir and Arrhenius can be explored in P. Coffey, Cathedrals of Science (Oxford University Press, 2008).
p. 164 his celebrated ‘Pathological Science’ essay: I. Langmuir, ‘Pathological Science’, unpublished but available at http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~ken/Langmuir/langmuir.htm
p. 165 a study by Dutch researchers found that schoolchildren who were timid and introverted: J. Marchant, ‘Should