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54. See, especially, David Stevenson, ‘The English Devil of Keeping State: élite Manners and the Downfall of Charles I in Scotland’, in Roger Mason and Nicholas Macdougall (eds.), People and Power in Scotland: Essays in Honour of T. C. Smout (Edinburgh, 1992), pp. 126–44; Keith M. Brown, ‘Aristocratic Finances and the Origins of the Scottish Revolution’, EHR, 104 (1989), 46–87. For a summary and further references see Braddick, State Formation, at pp. 367–8.

55. Kevin Sharpe, The Personal Rule of Charles I (New Haven, Conn., 1992), pp. 778–83; for Charles’s lack of empathy with Scottish sensibilities see Morrill, ‘National Covenant’, pp. 6–9. For Kishlansky’s defence see ‘Charles I’, p. 70.

56. Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, pp. 43–4.

57. For the drawing up of the book and the variations introduced in deference to Scottish opinion see Donaldson, Making of the Scottish Prayer Book, esp. pp. 41–71; Donald, Uncounselled King, pp. 34–7. Kishlansky’s defence of Charles’s role in drawing up the book is contested: Kishlansky, ‘Charles I’, pp. 72–3; Julian Goodare, ‘Charles I: Comment’, PP (forthcoming).

58. Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, pp. 46–7: ‘The fact that many of those who protested at the prayer book had never read or even seen it is thus no evidence that their opposition concealed non-religious and less worthy motives than they pretended’, p. 47.

59. Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, pp. 58–61.

60. Ibid., pp. 61–2; Sharpe, Personal Rule, p. 788. For the claim about the bishop’s accident. see ‘the Bishop was redacted… to such a point of backside necessity, that (as may be supposed) he never in his life got such a laxative purgation… [I]t was constantly affirmed, that when he come out of the coach, he apprehended such danger (notwithstanding of the guards that was about him) that no man could endure the flewre nor stinking smell of his fat carcage’: ‘A breefe and true Relatione of the Broyle’, in John Leslie, A relation of the proceedings concerning the kirk of Scotland… by John Earl of Rothes, Bannatyne Club (Edinburgh, 1830), pp. 198–200, at p. 200.

61. HEH, EL 7809, Castle to Bridgewater, 24 October 1639.

62. J. R. M. Sizer, ‘stewart, John, First Earl of Traquair (c. 1599–1659)’, ODNB, 52, pp. 718–20. For tensions with bishops see Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, esp. pp. 53, 54–5 and the index entry on his ‘duplicity’, p. 415, sn Stewart, James, 1st Earl of Traquair. See also Donald, Uncounselled King, chs. 1–2 passim.

63. Donald, Uncounselled King, pp. 45–8; Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, pp. 64–6.

64. Donald, Uncounselled King, pp. 48–58; Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, pp. 66–79. For the October protests see Makey, Church of the Covenant, p. 21.

65. Donald, Uncounselled King, chs. 1–2. For Traquair’s permission to travel see pp. 61–2; for the anti-episcopal tone of the petitions see pp. 53–7. See also Stevenson’s verdict: ‘on the eve of the troubles in Scotland the administration was in no condition to meet the crisis thrust upon it by a king who refused to recognise the difficulties involved in imposing his policies’: Scottish Revolution, p. 55.

66. Makey, Church of the Covenant, pp. 1–6.

67. For a full discussion of the material grievances which may have lain behind the alienation of the political nation see Macinnes, Charles I, ch. 5.

68. Ibid., chs. 2–4, Lee, Road to Revolution, ch. 7.

69. Todd, Culture of Protestantism, conclusion.

70. For early signs of awareness in Scotland of the possibility of a common cause with the godly in England see Donald, Uncounselled King, p. 37; Russell, Fall, pp. 60–61.

71. Macinnes, British Revolution, p. 114; Macinnes, Charles I, pp. 163–73; Makey, Church of the Covenant, identifies the social significance of this organization slightly differently: pp. 22–5. For Henderson see John Coffey, ‘Henderson, Alexander (c. 1583–1646)’, ODNB, 26, pp. 288–93; and for Johnston see John Coffey, ‘Johnston, Sir Archibald, Lord Wariston (bap. 1611, d. 1663)’, ODNB, 30, pp. 338–46.

72. ‘The Scottish National Covenant’, reprinted in