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73. Ibid., p. 132.

74. Ibid.

75. Skinner, Foundations, ch. 7.

76. Macinnes, Charles I, esp. p. 177; Macinnes, British Revolution, pp. 114–16. See also Edward J. Cowan, ‘The Making of the National Covenant’, in Morrill, Scottish National Covenant, pp. 68–89.

77. Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, pp. 83–7, 97.

78. For this reading of the text see ibid., pp. 84–6; Morrill also finds it an ambivalent document: ‘National Covenant’, pp. 11–12, reflecting a genuine failure to realize the full implications of their position. Stevenson’s view of its practical significance is similar to that of Macinnes.

79. Macinnes, British Revolution, p. 116.

80. Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, p. 87.

81. John J. Scally, ‘Hamilton, James, First Duke of Hamilton (1606–1649)’, ODNB, 24, pp. 839–46; See also Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, p. 94.

82. For the limits on Hamilton’s powers see Donald, Scottish Revolution, pp. 72–5, 78–9; Makey, Church of the Covenant, pp. 32–4.

83. Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, pp. 88–95; Donald, Uncounselled King, pp. 79–87.

84. Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, p. 96.

85. Ibid., pp. 18, 24; population estimate Laura Stewart, personal communication.

86. Quoted in Scally, ‘Hamilton’.

87. Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, pp. 100–101.

88. Ibid., pp. 104–9.

89. Ibid., pp. 109–12; Donald, Uncounselled King, ch. 3, narrates Hamilton’s mission in greater detail and with more attention to the possibilities for settlement.

90. Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, pp. 116–26; Donald, Uncounselled King, pp. 109–12.

2. Self-Government at the King’s Command

1. The most detailed account of the murder is contained in the letter from Dudley Carlton to the Queen, reprinted in Henry Ellis (ed.), Original Letters Illustrative of English History, 3 vols. (London, 1824), III, pp. 254–60. For some additional material see Frederick W. Fairholt (ed.), Poems and Songs Relating to George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham: and his assassination by John Felton, August 23, 1628, Percy Society, Vol. 29, No. 40 (London, 1850), pp. i-xxxi. Much of this material is also gathered in Isaac D’Israeli, Curiosities of Literature, 12th edn (London, 1841), pp. 307–10. It is discussed in James Holstun, Ehud’s Dagger: Class Struggle in the English Revolution (London, 2000); Alastair Bellany, ‘“Rayling Rymes and Vaunting Verse”: Libellous Politics in Early Stuart England, 1603–1628’, in Kevin Sharpe and Peter Lake (eds.), Culture and Politics in Early Stuart England (Basingstoke, 1994), pp. 285–310, esp. pp. 304–9. For a brief description of the assassination in the context of problematic military mobilization see Thomas G. Barnes, ‘Deputies not Principals, Lieutenants not Captains: The Institutional Failure of Lieutenancy in the 1620s’, in Mark Charles Fissel (ed.), War and Government in Britain, 1598–1650 (Manchester, 1991), pp. 58–86, esp. pp. 82–3.

2. Fairholt, Poems and Songs, p. xxi. For other versions see Ellis, Original Letters, pp. 259–60.

3. Ellis, Original Letters, pp. 257–8. See also CSPD, 1628–9, pp. 268, 271.

4. Ellis, Original Letters, p. 258; for the grievances about pay and place see CSPD, 1628–9, pp. 274, 277–8. For the relationship between Felton’s personal frustrations and the broader hostility to Buckingham see Thomas Cogswell, ‘John Felton, Popular Political Culture, and the Assassination of the Duke of Buckingham’, HJ, 49 (2006), 357–83.

5. Fairholt, Poems and Songs, p. xxviii.

6. John Rushworth, Historical Collections of Private Passages of State…, 8 vols. (London, 1721 edn), vol. I, p. 641; Fairholt, Poems and Songs, p. xxvii.

7. Rushworth, Historical Collections, I, p. 638; CSPD, 1628–9, p. 321.

8. For the preparations before his examination see CSPD, 1628–9, pp. 321, 340. Once, having ‘received an injury from a gentleman, he cut off a piece of his little finger, and sent it with a challenge to the gentleman to fight with him, thereby to let him know that he valued not the exposing of his whole body to hazard so he might but have an opportunity to be revenged’: Rushworth,