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37. Russell, Fall, pp. 97–9.

38. Cope and Coates (eds.), Proceedings, pp. 148–57, quotations at pp. 149, 155; Russell, Fall, pp. 106–7. For Pym: Conrad Russell, ‘Pym, John (1584–1643)’, ODNB, 45, pp. 623–40.

39. The comparison is Russell’s, Fall, p. 108.

40. Ibid., p. 110.

41. Keith Lindley, Popular Politics and Religion in Civil War London (Aldershot, 1997), pp. 4–6; HEH, EL 7833, Castle to Bridgewater, 12 May 1640. Castle saw this as the direct result of the ‘two pasquils that were affixed to the pillars of the old Exchange the last week, [which] have brought forth this sour fruit’. The crowd is generally estimated to have comprised between 500 and 800 people, although the Venetian ambassador put the number at 2,000: Lindley, Popular Politics, p. 4n; Peter Razzell and Edward Razzell (eds.), The English Civil War: A Contemporary Account, vol. 2: 1640–1642 (London, 1996), p. 14. Laud thought it 500: Keith Lindley (ed.), The English Civil War and Revolution: A Source Book (London, 1998), p. 43. See also Cressy, England on Edge, pp. 118–22.

42. HEH, EL 7836, Castle to Bridgewater, 27 May 1640. The letter reports his anxious black humour about when to return.

43. Lindley, Popular Politics, pp. 4–6.

44. Ibid., pp. 26–35.

45. Ibid., pp. 5–6; HEH EL 7835, Castle to Bridgewater, 18 May 1640; EL 7837, Castle to Bridgewater, 9 June 1640. See also EL 7834, Castle to Bridgewater, 15 May 1640: the rioters aimed at ‘the Fox [Laud], and the little bird [Matthew Wren, Bishop of Norwich]’ as well as some at St James and ‘the swarms of the French’. For Marie de Medici see Caroline Hibbard, Charles I and the Popish Plot (Chapel Hill, NC, 1983), esp. pp. 87–8, 151–2, 198–9.

46. Lindley, Popular Politics, pp. 7–8. For Charles’s reaction, and the torture of Archer, See also Russell, Fall, p. 129. This may reflect the extent to which Charles was unnerved by the disturbances: Castle reported that precedents were being sought for recalling a parliament without new elections (‘I hear they have not as yet found any’), HEH, EL 7834, Castle to Bridgewater, 15 May 1640.

47. For the text of the canons see the extract in J. P. Kenyon (ed.), The Stuart Constitution: Documents and Commentary (Cambridge, 1966), pp. 166–8; Julian Davies, The Caroline Captivity of the English Church (Oxford, 1992), ch. 7. For Convocation and the Royal Supremacy for Charles’s role and intentions see Russell, Fall, pp. 15–16, 136–9.

48. Russell’s verdict is that it would have been plausible to argue that the campaign should go without a parliament, or that Charles should hold a parliament in order to secure support and supply; what was not plausible policy was to hold a parliament after eleven years without being willing to consult, discuss, secure consent and redress grievances: Russell, Fall, pp. 92–4.

49. Ibid., pp. 126–8; for an overview see Fissel, Bishops” Wars, pp. 39–44.

50. See Fissel, Bishops” Wars, esp. pp. 119–20, 162–6, 172–3; for the expedition of the King to Hamburg See also HEH, EL 7841, Castle to Bridgewater, 1 July 1640; for hopes of Spanish help See also Russell, Fall, p. 129.

51. Quoted in ibid., p. 123.

52. HEH, EL 7836, Castle to Bridgewater, 27 May 1640. These rumours were bad for credit, among other things: Fissel, Bishops” Wars, p. 123.

53. Russell, Fall, pp. 106 and 107n.

54. HEH, EL 7817, Castle to Bridgewater, 17 January 1640; EL 7819, Castle to Bridgewater, 28 January 1640; EL 7822, Castle to Bridgewater, 12 February 1640; EL 7845, Castle to Bridgewater, 1 August 1640; EL 7846, Castle to Bridgewater, 4 August 1640; EL 7848, Bridgewater to Castle, 10 August 1640.

55. Lindley, Popular Politics, pp. 8–10.

56. Ibid., p. 7.

57. Ibid., pp. 44–5; for provincial echoes of the riots See also Cressy, England on Edge, pp. 122–4.

58. Russell, Fall, pp. 93–4, 132–6; John Morrill, Revolt in the Provinces: The People of England and the Tragedies of War 1630–1648, 2nd edn (Harlow, 1999), pp. 44–5; Hughes, Warwickshire, pp. 114–18. As Hughes points out, it was only in relation to some controversial