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59. Fissel, Bishops” Wars, pp. 119–23. For the suggestion that the scheme was a bluff intended to lever money from the Corporation of London see HEH, EL 7844, Castle to Bridgewater, 25 July 1640. The proposal certainly did coincide with an approach to the City for money: Fissel, Bishops” Wars, p. 122.

60. Fissell, Bishops” Wars, chs. 5–6; Cressy, England on Edge, pp. 73–90.

61. HEH, EL 7835, Castle to Bridgewater, 18 May 1640.

62. Fissel, Bishops” Wars, pp. 272–3; Russell, Fall, p. 131; HEH, EL 7837, Castle to Bridgewater, 9 June 1640.

63. HEH, EL 7842, Castle to Bridgewater, 6 July 1640; EL 7838, Castle to Bridgewater, 23 June 1640.

64. Russell, Fall, pp. 130–31.

65. Fissel, Bishops” Wars, esp. pp. 270–72.

66. Ibid., pp. 285–6.

67. Ibid., p. 271.

68. Ibid., pp. 278–83. HEH, EL 7838, Castle to Bridgewater, 23 June 1640. The soldiers, like Castle, referred to him as Moon. See also Cressy, England on Edge, pp. 87, 88–9, 91–2; Mark Stoyle, Loyalty and Locality: Popular Allegiance in Devon during the English Civil War (Exeter, 1994), pp. 168–9, 178.

69. HEH EL 7765, Mr Roger Wilford minister his certificate, 16 August 1640. Nehemiah Wallington collected examples of these actions, which he clearly regarded as religious acts, albeit ones about which he felt ambivalent: BL Sloane MS 1457, fos. 60r–66v; BL Add MS 21935, fos. 88r–91r; R. Webb (ed.), Historical Notices of Events Occurring Chiefly in the Reign of Charles I by Nehemiah Wallington, 2 vols. (London, 1869), pp. 122–6.

70. John Walter, ‘“Abolishing superstition with sedition”?: The Politics of Popular Iconoclasm in England, 1640–1642’, PP, 183 (2004), 79–123; John Walter, ‘Popular Iconoclasm and the Politics of the Parish in Eastern England, 1640–1642’, HJ, 47 (2004), 261–90.

71. Cressy, England on Edge, pp. 90–91.

72. John Walter, ‘“Affronts & insolencies”: The Voices of Radwinter and Popular Opposition to Laudianism’, EHR, 122 (2007), 35–60.

73. John Walter, ‘Anti-Popery and the Stour Valley Riots of 1642’, in David Chadd (ed.), History of Religious Dissent in East Anglia, III (Norwich, 1996), pp. 121–40, at pp. 121–2. For the fear of fire see Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Belief in Sixteenth-and Seventeenth-Century England (Harmondsworth, 1991 edn), pp. 17–20.

74. HEH, EL 7860, Castle to Bridgewater, 24 September 1640. See also EL 7863, Castle to Bridgewater, 29 September 1640; Hibbard, Popish Plot, pp. 166–7.

75. The examples are from Russell, Fall, pp. 139, 142. Russell’s judgement that ‘It would seem that soldiers were capable of turning against anyone they could blame for their predicament’ (p. 142) seems no more true of ‘soldiers’ than of, say, ‘the aristocracy’.

76. HEH, EL 7847, Castle to Bridgewater, 8 August 1640.

77. Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, pp. 192–202.

78. Ibid., pp. 205–7; Russell, Fall, pp. 143–4; Cressy, England on Edge, pp. 93–4.

79. For the Covenanters” difficulties see Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, pp. 208–10. Russell emphasizes the fact that the English took the wrong ground: Russell, Fall, pp. 144–5. The battle is described in Fissel, Bishops” Wars, pp. 53–9..

80. Russell, Fall, pp. 149–64; Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, pp. 210–12.

81. John Adamson, The Noble Revolt: The Overthrow of Charles I (London, 2007). Adamson’s important study was published as this book went to press, and I have been unable to take full account of its findings. For the peerage See also Brian Manning, ‘The Aristocracy and the Downfall of Charles I’, in Brian Manning (ed.), Politics, Religion and the English Civil War (London, 1973), pp. 37–80.

82. Eales, Puritans and Roundheads, pp. 98–9; for London see above, pp. 116–17.

83. ‘Russell, Fall, pp. 157–64.

84. Holmes, Lincolnshire, p. 137.

85. Pauline Croft, ‘Trading with the Enemy, 1585–1604’, HJ, 32 (1989), 281–302; Michael J. Braddick, ‘“Upon this instant extraordinarie occasion”: Military Mobilisation in Yorkshire in the Armada Year and Thereafter’, HLQ, 61 (2000 for 1998), 429–55.

86. The exchange is reported in