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87. Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, pp. 133–7.

88. Russell, Fall, p. 86; CSPD, 1638–9, p. 167; 1639–40, p. 585.

89. See also David Smith: ‘In many ways it makes sense to see the Short Parliament as a continuation, indeed a finale, of the Parliaments of the 1620s’: The Stuart Parliaments 1603–1689 (London, 1999), p. 120.

90. For the following see David Como, ‘Secret Printing, the Crisis of 1640 and the Origins of Civil War Radicalism’, PP, 196 (forthcoming).

91. Ibid. See Jonathan I. Israel, Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650–1750 (Oxford, 2001).

92. Lindley, Popular Politics, p. 33.

93. BL, Add MS 21,935, fos. 12r-12v. This does not seem to have been reproduced in Webb (ed.), Historical Notices. For Wallington see Paul Seaver, Wallington’s World: A Puritan Artisan in 17th Century London (London, 1985).

94. HEH, EL 7859, A letter from a gentleman of Newcastle to a friend in London, 8 September 1640. This letter circulated in manuscript copy: see below, n. 98. For the power of prophecy see Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, ch. 13, esp. pp. 469–93. For influential studies see Ottavia Niccoli, Prophecy and People in Renaissance Italy (Princeton, NJ, 1990); Sharon Jansen, Political Protest and Prophecy under Henry VIII (Woodbridge, 1991); Ethan Howard Shagan, ‘Rumours and Popular Politics in the Reign of Henry VIII’, in Tim Harris (ed.), The Politics of the Excluded, c. 1500–1850 (Basingstoke, 2001), pp. 30–66; Bertrand Taithe and Tim Thornton (eds.), Prophecy: The Power of Inspired Language in History 1300–2000 (Stroud, 1997). Prophecy is placed in the broader context of the radical potential within popular politics by Krista J. Kesselring, ‘Deference and Dissent in Tudor England: Reflections on Sixteenth-Century Protest’, History Compass, 3:1 (2005).

95. HEH, EL 7831, Castle to Bridgewater, 11 April 1640; EL 7832, Castle to Bridgewater, 11 May 1640; EL 7842, Castle to Bridgewater, 6 July 1640; EL 7838, Castle to Bridgewater, 23 June 1640. For other examples see Cressy, England on Edge, pp. 30–36.

96. Fissel, Bishops” Wars, pp. 25–6. According to Robert Woodford’s diary, the eclipse was observed in Northamptonshire between four and five o’clock in the afternoon, ibid., n. 82.

97. The phrase ‘oligarchic centralism’ is from Allan I. Macinnes, ‘The Scottish Constitution, 1638–1651: The Rise and Fall of Oligarchic Centralism’, in Morrill (ed.), Scottish National Covenant, pp. 106–33.

98. HEH, EL 7859, A letter from a gentleman of Newcastle to a friend in London, 8 September 1640. Howell notes four existing manuscript copies of this letter: Roger Howell, ‘Newcastle and the Nation: The Seventeenth-Century Experience’, in R. C. Richardson (ed.), The English Civil Wars: Local Aspects (Stroud, 1997), pp. 309–29, p. 326n. For sympathy with the Covenanters in Newcastle prior to their occupation, and diminishing sympathy thereafter, see Roger Howell, Newcastle upon Tyne and the Puritan Revolution: A Study of Civil War in North England (Oxford, 1967), esp. pp. 122–41. Following defeat, anxious measures were taken for defence against the Scots, particularly in the north: Cressy, England on Edge, pp. 39, 96. For the economic dislocation arising from the disruption of the coal trade and for the unpopularity of the royal army see ibid., pp. 57–9, 97–103; for the latter point See also Ronan Bennett, ‘War and Disorder: Policing the Soldiery in Civil War Yorkshire’, in Mark Charles Fissel (ed.), War and Government in Britain, 1598–1650 (Manchester, 1991), pp. 248–73, at pp. 251–3.

4. We Dream Now of a Golden Age

1. I am using the term loosely to embrace not just the City of London, but Westminster and suburbs too. There is a huge literature on early modern London. For an overview and bibliography see Jeremy Boulton, ‘London 1540–1700’, in Peter Clark (ed.), The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, vol. 2: 1540–1840 (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 315–46; and the important essays collected