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75. Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 15–16; Edward Vallance, Revolutionary England and the National Covenant: State Oaths, Protestantism and the Political Nation, 1553–1682 (Woodbridge, 2005), pp. 52–3; David Martin Jones, Conscience and Allegiance in Seventeenth Century England: The Political Significance of Oaths and Engagements (Wood-bridge, 1999), esp. pp. 116–19, 273–4.

76. Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 77–9; Russell, Fall, pp. 294–5.

77. Cressy, ‘Protestation’, p. 254.

78. Ibid., pp. 257–9.

79. John Walter, Understanding Popular Violence in the English Revolution: The Colchester Plunderers (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 292–4; Cressy, ‘Protestation’, pp. 267–8; Russell, Fall, p. 295.

80. Walter, Understanding, pp. 292–3; Cressy, ‘Protestation’, pp. 259–62.

81. Walter, Understanding, pp. 295–6.

82. John Morrill, Cheshire 1630–1660: County Government and Society during the English Revolution (Oxford, 1974), pp. 36–7.

83. John Walter, ‘“Affronts & insolencies”: The Voices of Radwinter and Popular Opposition to Laudianism’, EHR, 122 (2007), 35–60, esp. p. 37; for other examples see Cressy, England on Edge, ch. 9.

84. Julie Spraggon, Puritan Iconoclasm during the English Civil War (Woodbridge, 2003), pp. 138–40, 221, 231.

85. CJ, ii, p. 72. Sir Edward Dering was among the members added to this committee; Russell, Fall, pp. 367–72.

86. David Cressy, Agnes Bowker’s Cat: Travesties and Transgressions in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford, 2000), pp. 234–43; for the longer history of the cross see Nicola Smith, The Royal Image and the English People (Aldershot, 2001), ch. 2.

87. See above, pp. 262–4, for its eventual fate.

88. LJ, iv, p. 134.

89. Hirst, ‘Defection of Sir Edward Dering’. There were others too: Smith, Stuart Parliaments, p. 126; See also David L. Smith, Constitutional Royalism and the Search for Settlement, c. 1640–1649 (Cambridge, 1994), ch. 4. Aston’s attachment to religious decency thus defined had deep roots: Lake, ‘Puritans, Popularity and Petitions’, pp. 259–89.

90. See especially Margaret Aston, England’s Iconoclasts, vol 1: Laws against Images (Oxford, 1988); Margaret Aston, ‘Puritans and Iconoclasm, 1560–1660’, in Christopher Durston and Jacqueline Eales (eds.), The Culture of English Puritanism, 1560–1700 (Basingstoke, 1996), pp. 92–121; Margaret Aston, ‘Iconoclasm in England: Official and Clandestine’, reprinted in Peter Marshall (ed.), The Impact of the English Reformation 1500–1640 (London, 1997), pp. 167–92.

91. Anon., A Discovery of 29 Sects here in London (1641); Anon., A Nest of Serpents Discovered (1641); Fortescue dates.

92. Cressy, Agnes Bowker’s Cat, ch. 15, esp. pp. 259–61.

93. Nest of Serpents, p. 6.

94. Cressy, Agnes Bowker’s Cat, p. 271.

95. Keith Lindley, Popular Politics, pp. 79–91; for the history of the sects in London see Murray Tolmie, The Triumph of the Saints: The Separate Churches of London, 1616–1649 (Cambridge, 1977); and the works by Como and Lake cited above at n. 3.

96. Russell, Fall, pp. 368–70. See also Cressy, England on Edge, pp. 180–82.

97. Fletcher, Outbreak, p. 284; Walter, ‘Confessional Politics’, p. 699, quoting Judith Maltby, Prayer Book and People in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England (Cambridge, 1998), appendix 1, pp. 238–47.

98. Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 284–9. For Aston’s published collection see Sir Thomas Aston, A collection of sundry petitions (1642).

99. Fletcher, Outbreak, p. 290.

100. Ibid., pp. 289–91.

101. Walter, ‘Confessional Politics’.

102. Lake, ‘Puritans, Popularity and Petitions’.

103. Calculated from G. K. Fortescue (ed.), Catalogue of the Pamphlets, Books, Newspapers, and Manuscripts Relating to the Civil War, the Commonwealth and the Restoration, Collected by George Thomason, 1640–1661, 2 vols. (London, 1908). This assumes, of course, that these patterns reflect the market, rather than Thomason’s collecting. For discussions of the explosion of print in these years see Joad Raymond, Pamphlets and Pamphleteering in Early Modern Britain (Cambridge, 2003), chs. 5–6; Cressy, England