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and Political Alignment in the English Revolution: The Case of the Towns, 1642–9’, in John Morrill (ed.), Reactions to the English Civil War 1642–1649 (Basingstoke, 1982), pp. 67–87. For a persuasive case that the political culture of incorporated towns sat most easily with the emerging parliamentarian programme see Philip Withington, The Politics of Commonwealth: Citizens and Freemen in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 2005), esp. pp. 41–4.

40. See Robert M. Bliss, Revolution and Empire: English Politics and the American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century (Manchester, 1990), esp. pp. 74–92; in many ways the conditions of the 1640s fostered the development of a more autonomous Atlantic community: Carla G. Pestana, The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution, 1640–1661 (Cambridge, Mass., 2004).

41. Clive Holmes, The Eastern Association in the English Civil War (Cambridge, 1974), pp. 33–62. For Norfolk See also R. W. Ketton-Cremer, Norfolk in the Civil War: A Portrait of a Society in Conflict (London, 1969), ch. 8.

42. Hutton, Royalist War Effort, esp. pp. 3–4. In Herefordshire partisanship erupted from January 1642, prompted by the departure of the King from Parliament and the use of ordinances in his absence, producing a battle between commitment to godly reformation and to constitutional royalism: Jacqueline Eales, Puritans and Roundheads: The Harleys of Brampton Bryan and the Outbreak of the English Civil War (Cambridge, 1990), ch. 6.

43. Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 324–9.

44. Malcolm, ‘A King in Search of Soldiers’, pp. 259–71; Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 329–33; Andrew Hopper, ‘“The popish army of the north”: Anti-Catholicism and Parliamentarian Allegiance in Civil War Yorkshire, 1642–46’, Recusant History, 25:1 (2000), 12–28. For a judicious overview of the involvement of Catholics see William Sheils, ‘English Catholics at War and Peace’, in Christopher Durston and Judith Maltby (eds.), Religion in Revolutionary England (Manchester, 2006), pp. 137–57. For the disarming of the Trained Bands See also C. H. Firth, Cromwell’s Army: A History of the English Soldier during the Civil Wars, the Commonwealth and the Protectorate (London, 1967 edn), pp. 16–17.

45. Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 334–40.

46. Malcolm, ‘A King in Search of Soldiers’, p. 263; Astley quoted in Wanklyn and Jones, English Civil War, p. 43.

47. Roy, ‘Royalist Army’, ch. 1.

48. See, for example, Coleby’s discussion of the Hampshire Grand Jury petition for accommodation in the summer of 1642: Andrew Coleby, Central Government and the Localities: Hampshire 1649–1689 (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 6–7.

49. Barbara Donagan, ‘Troubled Consciences: Choice and Allegiance in the English Civil War’ (unpublished paper), pp. 22–6; See also Barbara Donagan, ‘Casuistry and Allegiance in the English Civil War’, in Derek Hirst and Richard Strier (eds.), Writing and Political Engagement in Seventeenth-Century England (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 89–111. For background on godly choice, and other examples, see Barbara Donagan, ‘Godly Choice: Puritan Decision-Making in Seventeenth-Century England’, Harvard Theological Review, 76 (1983), 307–34; Barbara Donagan, ‘Understanding Providence: The Difficulties of Sir William and Lady Waller’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 39:3 (1988), 433–44; Barbara Donagan, ‘Providence, Chance and Explanation’, Journal of Religious History, 11 (1981), 385–403.

50. Donagan, ‘Troubled Consciences’, p. 27.

51. Gardiner, I, p. 168.

52. Ibid., pp. 15–16.

53. David L. Smith, Constitutional Royalism and the Search for Settlement, c. 1640–1649 (Cambridge, 1994), chs. 3–4. For Colepeper’s speech see above, p. 119; for the Kentish petition see above, p. 205.

54. Roy, ‘Royalist Army’, pp. 80–83; Richard Cust, Charles I: A Political Life (Harlow, 2005), pp. 327–31, 360–26. On Digby see Ian Roy, ‘George Digby, Royalist Intrigue and the Collapse of the Cause’, in Ian Gentles, John Morrill and Blair Worden (eds.), Soldiers, Writers and Statesmen of the English Revolution (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 68–90; Adamson, Noble Revolt, esp. p. 312. For overviews of the range