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25. Gardiner, I, p. 18.

26. Smith, Constitutional Royalism, pp. 111–12.

27. For the proposal see Gardiner, I, p. 39.

28. Gardiner, I, p. 20. He took this issue seriously. For example, having accepted that he did not have this combination of powers, he refused to negotiate without parliamentary authority at Lostwithiel in 1644: Gardiner, II, p. 11. Essex’s powers may have been recognized by contemporaries to have been more extensive: J. S. A. Adamson, ‘The Baronial Context of the English Civil War’, TRHS, 5th ser., 40 (1990), 93–120, esp. pp. 105–19. This is based on a closer analysis of protocol and ceremonial than of the practice of politics.

29. Gardiner, I, pp. 19, 37, 39, 64, 71–2.

30. Young and Holmes, English Civil War, pp. 89–90.

31. Ibid., pp. 100–102.

32. Ibid., pp. 83, 115; Gardiner, I, pp. 71–2.

33. Woolrych, Britain in Revolution, pp. 243–5.

34. Gardiner, I, p. 73.

35. John Morrill, ‘Holles, Denzil, First Baron Holles (1598–1680)’, ODNB, 27, pp. 708–14. See also Patricia Crawford, Denzil Holles, 1598–1680: A Study of His Political Career (London, 1979).

36. Conrad Russell, ‘Pym, John (1584–1643)’, ODNB, 45, pp. 624–40; Gardiner, I, p. 62.

37. Michael J. Braddick, The Nerves of State: Taxation and the Financing of the English State, 1558–1714 (Manchester, 1996), pp. 95–9.

38. CJ, ii, p. 865, 26 Nov. 1642: ‘Mr. Pym, Sir H. Vane senior, Mr. Pierrepointe, Sir H. Vane junior, Mr Holles, Mr Rous, Mr Whitlock, are appointed to consider of some propositions to be presented to this House, for the entering into a strict league with the States of the United Provinces: And are to meet when and where they please’.

39. Gardiner, I, p. 77. For the history of the Eastern Association see Clive Holmes, The Eastern Association in the English Civil War (Cambridge, 1974).

40. Gardiner, I, p. 63.

41. Keith Lindley, Popular Politics and Religion in Civil War London (Aldershot, 1997), pp. 236–55, 337–48; Gardiner, I, pp. 74–5; for the Committee of Both Houses for the Advance of Money see Gerald Aylmer, The State’s Servants: The Civil Service of the English Republic 1649–1660 (London, 1973), esp. p. 13.

42. For the measures see Gardiner, I, pp. 14–15, 75. Anon., The actors remonstrance (London, 24 January 1643), complained that the theatres had been closed but that bear-baiting continued.

43. Lindley, Popular Politics, pp. 344–5.

44. The New Yeares wonder being a most cernaine [sic] and true Relation of the disturbed inhabitants of Kenton: And other neighbouring villages neere unto Edge-Hil (London, 1643), printed for Robert Ellit, Thomason date 27 January 1643, quotations from title page, pp. 6, 7–8; A great vvonder in Heaven: shewing the late Apparitions and prodigious noyses of War and Battels, seen on Edge-Hill neere Keinton in Northamptonshire (London, 1643), printed for Thomas Jackson, pub. date 23 January 1643.

45. For special providences see Alexandra Walsham, Providence in Early Modern England (Oxford, 1999). For some other examples of sky battles and similar atmospheric phenomena see Irelands Amazement, or the Heavens armado (London, 1641); A Signe From Heaven (London, 12 August 1642); Severall apparitions Seene in the Ayre (London, 1646), Thomason date 18 June; Wallington collected examples too: BL, Sloane MS 1457, fos. 5r, 56r–58r; and, more generally, Vladimir Jankovic, ‘The Politics of Sky Battles in Early Hanoverian Britain’, JBS, 41 (2002), 429–459, esp. pp. 432, 438, 452. Title searches are a crude measure, of course, but they do reflect the means by which a pamphlet was sold. The whole database of titles in Early English Books Online contains forty items with ‘wonder’ prominent in the title. They date mainly from before 1644, and fall particularly heavily in 1641 and 1642. For the ambiguous place of ghosts in reformed religion see Peter Marshall, Beliefs and the Dead in Reformation England (Oxford, 2002).

46. The New Yeares wonder, p. 8. For the complexity of attitudes towards these phenomena see Jankovic, ‘Sky Battles’, and more generally Walsham, Providence.