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the component parts. I have used and cited the 1685 edition, which is easily accessible, checking it where possible with the 1646 edition. For the publishing history See also Margaret Aston, England’s Iconoclasts, vol. 1: Laws Against Images (Oxford, 1988), p. 71 n. 26.

50. Mercurius Rusticus (1685 edn), p. 70. Early orders had protected funerary monuments, but from August 1643 onwards they were included in the remit of the legislation: Spraggon, Puritan Iconoclasm, pp. 75–7. The legislation had sought to protect monuments, including coats of arms, of all those not ‘commonly reputed or taken for’ a saint. Wallington’s notes record a kind of mirror-image version of a grossly transgressive Cavalierism: BL, Sloane MS 1457, esp. 27v ff., and Add MS 21935.

51. Young and Holmes, English Civil War, pp. 54–6; Wanklyn and Jones, Military History, p. 41; Morrill, Revolt in the Provinces, 2nd edn, pp. 77–9; Roy, ‘Royalist Army’, ch. 2, esp. pp. 51–85. For the conflict between military men and moderates See also Ronald Hutton, ‘The Structure of the Royalist Party, 1642–1646’, HJ, 24 (1981), 553–69.

52. Morrill, Revolt in the Provinces, 2nd edn, pp. 116–18; Richard Cust, Charles I: A Political Life (Harlow, 2005), pp. 384–5; Martyn Bennett, ‘Between Scylla and Charybdis: The Creation of Rival Administrations at the Beginning of the English Civil War’, reprinted in Peter Gaunt (ed.), The English Civil War (Oxford, 2000), pp. 167–83.

53. Roy, ‘Royalist Army’, pp. 220–47; Jens Engberg, ‘Royalist Finances during the English Civil War, 1642–6’, Scandinavian Economic History Review, 14:2 (1966), 73–96; Morrill, Revolt in the Provinces, 2nd edn, pp. 111–15, 116. For the Earl of Pembroke see Young and Holmes, English Civil War, p. 116.

54. Gardiner, I, pp. 132–3.

55. Ibid., pp. 57, 66, 107: at Birmingham the destruction occurred despite an order from Rupert. The general point is also made by Underdown, Revel, Riot and Rebellion, pp. 152–3.

56. Young and Holmes, English Civil War, pp. 113–14.

57. Barbara Donagan, ‘Codes and Conduct in the English Civil War’, PP, 118 (1988), pp. 65–95, esp. pp. 73–80.

58. Andrew Hopper, ‘“Fitted for desperation”: Honour and Treachery in Parliament’s Yorkshire Command, 1642–1643’, History, 86 (2001), 138–54, at pp. 140–41.

59. Certaine informations (24 April-1 May 1643), pp. 117–18. For the accepted view of royalist severity in dealing with civilians see Morrill, Revolt in the Provinces, 2nd edn, pp. 117–18.

60. Young and Holmes, English Civil War, p. 122.

61. Ibid., pp. 94–7, 122–4; Gardiner, I, pp. 155–6. For the Vow and Covenant see above, pp. 293–4. Hampden may have lost a hand when his pistol burst. Hampden’s death is lyrically treated in Gardiner, I, pp. 152–5.

62. Young and Holmes, English Civil War, ch. 8, quotation at p. 137, and See also p. 142; Patrick McGrath, ‘Bristol and the Civil War’, reprinted in R. C. Richardson (ed.), The English Civil Wars: Local Aspects (Stroud, 1997), pp. 91–128, at pp. 101–11.

63. Young and Holmes, English Civil War, pp. 111–13.

64. Ibid., pp. 142–3, 151–4.

65. Gardiner, I, pp. 194–6, quotation at p. 195; Wanklyn and Jones, Military History, chs. 9–10. See also Cust, Charles I, pp. 378–81.

66. Young and Holmes, English Civil War, pp. 142–3; Gardiner, I, p. 207.

67. Austin Woolrych, Britain in Revolution 1625–1660 (Oxford, 2002), pp. 257–8, quotation at p. 258; Lindley, Popular Politics, pp. 348–51; Gardiner, I, pp. 144–9.

68. Lindley, Popular Politics, pp. 304–19; Robert Brenner, Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict and London’s Overseas Traders, 1550–1653 (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 443–59; Valerie Pearl, London and the Outbreak of the Puritan Revolution: City Government and National Politics 1625–1643 (Oxford, 1961), pp. 257–73.

69. Gardiner, I, pp. 183–8; Lindley, Popular Politics, pp. 351–2.

70. LJ, vi, pp. 86–7; Edward Vallance, ‘Protestation, Vow, Covenant and Engagement: Swearing Allegiance in the English Civil War’, Historical Research, 75 (2002), 408–424, esp. pp. 415–17. See also Edward Vallance, Revolutionary England and