God's Fury, England's Fire_ A New History of the English Civil Wars - Michael J. Braddick [401]
71. Culpeper Letters, at pp. 176–7. The Scottish alliance is considered in detail above in ch. 10.
72. Lindley, Popular Politics, pp. 348–9.
73. Michael Mendle, ‘De Facto Freedom, De Facto Authority: Press and Parliament, 1460–1643’, HJ, 38 (1995), 307–332; A&O, I, pp. 184–6, quotation at p. 184.
74. Gardiner, I, p. 155. For the proclamation see LJ, vi, pp. 108–9.
75. Gardiner, I, pp. 199–202; Cust, Charles I, pp. 380–81; Hutton, ‘Royalist Party’, p. 558.
76. Hutton, ‘Royalist Party’, pp. 558–9. Hutton’s analysis is criticized as too schematic by James Daly, ‘The Implications of Royalist Politics, 1642–1646’, HJ, 27 (1984), 745–55. See, in general, Cust, Charles I, pp. 358–419.
77. Braddick, Parliamentary Taxation, ch. 4; Braddick, Nerves of State, chs. 1, 2, 5; John Brewer, The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688–1783 (London, 1989); for a full study of innovations in public finance in the 1640s and 1650s and their long-term significance see James Scott Wheeler, The Making of a World Power: War and the Military Revolution in Seventeenth-Century England (Stroud, 1999).
78. Saltmarsh was already on a journey which took him from an orthodox, perhaps relatively High Church, sensibility during the 1630s to the advocacy of free grace by the mid-1640s. Free grace built on the Reformation prioritization of grace over adherence to the law as the key to salvation, but did not limit grace to the elect. Saltmarsh later became chaplain to Sir Thomas Fairfax and was identified as a major threat to religious order. For Saltmarsh see Roger Pooley, ‘Saltmarsh, John (d. 1647)’, ODNB, 48, pp. 770–71; Ann Hughes, Gangraena and the Struggle for the English Revolution (Oxford, 2004). For Henry Marten see Sarah Barber, ‘Marten, Henry (1601/2–1680)’, ODNB, 36, pp. 908–12.
79. Jack Binns, ‘Cholmley, Sir Hugh, First Baronet (1600–1657)’, ODNB, 11, pp. 504–5. Discussed alongside the Hothams and other Yorkshire side-changers in Hopper, ‘“Fitted for desperation”’.
80. Hopper, ‘“Fitted for desperation”’. See also Vallance, Revolutionary England, p. 68.
81. Gardiner, I, pp. 142, 159–61, II, pp. 103–4; David Scott, ‘Hotham, Sir John, First Baronet (1589–1645)’, ODNB, 28, pp. 257–9; David Scott, ‘Hotham, John (1610–1645)’, ODNB, 28, pp. 259–61.
82. Scott, ‘Hotham, Sir John’; Scott, ‘Hotham, John’.
83. History of Parliament Trust, London, unpublished article on Sir Matthew Boynton, Bart, for 1604–29 section by Simon Healey. I am grateful to the History of Parliament Trust for allowing me to see this article in draft. History, Topography, and Directory of East Yorkshire (with Hull) (Preston: T. Bulmer and sons, 1892), p. 152; Bulstrode Whitelocke, Memorials of the English Affairs, 4 vols. (Oxford, 1853), I, pp. 194, 206, 487.
84. Ashton, Counter-Revolution, p. 403.
85. Hopper suggests that, had these defections been co-ordinated, it might have changed the course of the entire war: ‘“Fitted for desperation”’.
86. Young and Holmes, English Civil War, p. 141; for the pressure to surrender to avoid unnecessary loss of life see Donagan, ‘Codes and Conduct’, pp. 79–80.
87. For the Chudleighs, see Gardiner, I, p. 139; Mary Wolffe, ‘Chudleigh, Sir George, Baronet (1582–1658)’, ODNB, 11, pp. 570–71; Mary Wolffe, ‘Chudleigh, James (1617–1643)’, ODNB, 11, pp. 571–2. For Massey see Gardiner, I, pp. 198–9; Andrew Warmington, ‘Massey, Sir Edward (d. 1674)’, ODNB, 37, pp. 208–11. For Carew see Gardiner, I, pp. 207–8; Stephen Wright, ‘Carew, Sir Alexander, Second Baronet (1609–1644)’, ODNB, 10, pp. 40–41, quotation at p. 40.
88. Gardiner, I, 162–3; Young and Holmes, English Civil War, p. 113; Fletcher, Sussex, p. 289. For the intellectual and social context see Barbara Donagan, ‘The Web of Honour: Soldiers, Christians, and Gentlemen in the English