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89. Gardiner, I, pp. 164–5, 199.

90. Young and Holmes, English Civil War, p. 142; See also Charles Carlton, Going to the Wars: The Experience of the English Civil Wars, 1638–1651 (London, 1992), pp. 218–19.

10. The War of the Three Kingdoms

1. The standard account of Confederate politics is Micheàl Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, 1642–1649: A Constitutional and Political Analysis (Dublin, 1999): see here esp. pp. 17–20. For a concise narrative see Patrick J. Corish, ‘The Rising of 1641 and the Catholic Confederacy’, in T. W. Moody, F. X. Martin and F. J. Byrne (eds.), A New History of Ireland, vol. 3: Early Modern Ireland 1534–1691 (Oxford, 1976), pp. 289–316, quotation at p. 302. There is a useful summary in Austin Woolrych, Britain in Revolution 1625–1660 (Oxford, 2002), pp. 268–73, and a fluent overview in Roy Foster, Modern Ireland 1600–1972 (London, 1988), ch. 4. For analysis of the implications for Ireland’s relationship with British authority, see Nicholas Canny, Making Ireland British 1580–1650 (Oxford, 2001), ch. 9. For the armies in Ireland see James Scott Wheeler, ‘Four Armies in Ireland’, in Jane H. Ohlmeyer (ed.), Ireland from Independence to Occupation 1641–1660 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 43–65. This collection contains a number of other important essays on this period in Irish history. For Plunkett See also Tadhg Ó hAnnrach´in, ‘Plunkett, Sir Nicholas (1602–1680)’, ODNB, 44, pp. 645–6.

2. For Ormond see Toby Barnard, ‘Butler, James, first Duke of Ormond (1610–1688)’, ODNB, 9, pp. 153–63. He was created First Duke of Ormond in 1661.

3. David Stevenson, The Scottish Revolution, 1637–1644 (Newton Abbot, 1973), pp. 243–6; David Stevenson, Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Scotland, 1644–1651 (London, 1977), pp. 1–2; David Stevenson, ‘Monro, Sir George, of Culrain and Newmore (d. 1694)’, ODNB, 38, pp. 649–50. See also Wheeler, ‘Four Armies’. For the Irish adventurers See also Canny, Making Ireland British, pp. 553–6 and the references therein.

4. Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, pp. 63–8; Corish, ‘Rising of 1641’, pp. 303–9; Woolrych, Britain in Revolution, pp. 272–3. For the impact of the Cessation on the political and military cause of the Confederates see Wheeler, ‘Four Armies’. Gardiner, I, ch. 9 also contains interesting material.

5. Bulstrode Whitelocke, Memorials of the English Affairs, 4 vols. (Oxford, 1853), I, p. 238.

6. Corish, ‘Rising of 1641’, pp. 303–9; Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, pp. 265–75.

7. For the failure of moderate Scottish royalism see Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, ch. 8.

8. Stevenson, Revolution and Counter-Revolution, pp. 4–5.

9. Quoted in Gardiner, I, pp. 177–8.

10. For Charles’s diplomacy See also Richard Cust, Charles I: A Political Life (Harlow, 2005), esp. pp. 373–4.

11. Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, ch. 9.

12. W. A. Shaw, A History of the English Church during the Civil Wars and under the Commonwealth, 2 vols. (London, 1900), vol. 1, ch. 2; Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, pp. 279–80, 285, 288–9.

13. Gardiner, I, p. 229; Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, pp. 283–4.

14. Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, pp. 284–9. For the text of the final version see Gardiner, CD, pp. 267–71.

15. David Martin Jones, Conscience and Allegiance in Seventeenth Century England: The Political Significance of Oaths and Engagements (Woodbridge, 1999), pp. 125–46; Edward Vallance, Revolutionary England and the National Covenant: State Oaths, Protestantism and the Political Nation, 1553–1682 (Woodbridge, 2005), chs. 6–7.

16. Stevenson, Scottish Revolution, pp. 284–7.

17. Ibid., pp. 287–9.

18. Shaw, History of the English Church, I, pp. 145–7, quotation at p. 147.

19. Quoted in ibid., pp. 149–50.

20. Ibid., pp. 149–52.

21. Gardiner, CD, pp. 268–9.

22. Julie Spraggon, Puritan Iconoclasm during the English Civil War (Woodbridge, 2003), pp. 75–7; Margaret Aston, England’s Iconoclasts, vol. 1: Laws Against Images (Oxford, 1988), chs. 1–2; Margaret Aston, ‘Puritans and Iconoclasm, 1560–1660’, in Christopher Durston and Jacqueline Eales