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(eds.), The Culture of English Puritanism, 1560–1700 (Basingstoke, 1996), pp. 92–121, at pp. 117–19. The September order and the ordinance are reprinted in ibid., pp. 257–8, 259–60, but the latter appears to be misdated to 28 August: see A&O, I, pp. 265–6; LJ, vi, pp. 200–201. For Herring See also Keith Lindley, Popular Politics and Religion in Civil War London (Aldershot, 1997), esp. pp. 45–6. For the relationship between the purging of Norwich Cathedral and crystallization of parties see John T. Evans, Seventeenth-Century Norwich: Politics, Religion and Government, 1620–1690 (Oxford, 1979), ch. 4, esp. pp. 128–9.

23. Trevor Cooper (ed.), The Journal of William Dowsing: Iconoclasm in East Anglia during the English Civil War (Woodbridge, 2001), pp. 156–301.

24. John Morrill, ‘William Dowsing and the Administration of Iconoclasm in the Puritan Revolution’, in Cooper (ed.), Journal of William Dowsing, pp. 1–28; John Morrill, ‘Dowsing, William (bap. 1596, d. 1668)’, ODNB, 16, pp. 817–19.

25. Spraggon, Puritan Iconoclasm, pp. 120–28, 225–31. Two commissions to Dowsing from Manchester are reprinted in ibid., pp. 264–5, and, with much other useful material, in Cooper (ed.), Journal of William Dowsing. The essays collected there are invaluable. See also Aston, England’s Iconoclasts, vol. 1, pp. 74–84.

26. Morrill, ‘William Dowsing’, pp. 8–9. Manchester took a personal interest in the visitation of Cambridge University over the winter 1643–4: J. D. Twigg, ‘The Parliamentary Visitation of the University of Cambridge 1644–1645’, EHR, 98 (1983), 513–28.

27. For the longer-term history see Aston, England’s Iconoclasts, vol. 1; Aston, ‘Puritans and Iconoclasm’; Patrick Collinson, ‘From Iconoclasm to Iconophobia: The Cultural Impact of the Second English Reformation’, reprinted in Peter Marshall (ed.), The Impact of the English Reformation 1500–1640 (London, 1997), pp. 278–308.

28. Cust, Charles I, pp. 381–5. For attendance See also Gardiner, I, p. 300, who puts the figures higher, at 82 and 175 (including those who would have liked to attend but could not). For the Westminster figures see David L. Smith, The Stuart Parliaments, 1603–1689 (London, 1999), p. 129.

29. Cust, Charles I, pp. 381–2.

30. Ibid., pp. 373–88; Gardiner, I, pp. 268–73. The Ogle plot is placed in the context of contacts between moderates on both sides by David L. Smith, Constitutional Royalism and the Search for Settlement c. 1640–1649 (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 116–17.

31. Cust, Charles I, esp. ch. 6.

32. Joyce Lee Malcolm, ‘All the King’s Men: The Impact of the Crown’s Irish Soldiers on the English Civil War’, Irish Historical Studies, 21 (1979), 239–64, at pp. 251–5 (she puts the total at 21,000 at p. 263); Mark Stoyle, Soldiers and Strangers: An Ethnic History of the English Civil War (New Haven, Conn., 2005), pp. 56–61 and table at pp. 209–10. This agrees with John Barratt, Cavaliers: The Royalist Army at War, 1642–1646 (Stroud, 2000), pp. 138–9; Malcolm Wanklyn and Frank Jones, A Military History of the English Civil War, 1642–1646: Strategy and Tactics (Harlow, 2005), p. 15. Woolrych, Britain in Revolution, p. 273, suggests only 5,000, mainly Protestants.

33. Malcolm, ‘All the King’s Men’, argued for a very significant impact, esp. pp. 255–63. These claims are strongly criticized by Stoyle, Soldiers and Strangers, pp. 61–5; Wanklyn and Jones, Military History, pp. 15–16.

34. Gardiner, I, pp. 294–7. For Barthomley, See also Barbara Donagan, ‘Atrocity, War Crime, and Treason in the English Civil War’, AHR, 99 (1994), 1137–66, at pp. 1152–4.

35. Quoted in Stoyle, Soldiers and Strangers, p. 66.

36. Stoyle, Soldiers and Strangers, pp. 59–60. This may perhaps have been influenced by the suggestion made about the Irish women captured at Nantwich in January: ibid., pp. 67–8.

37. Ibid., pp. 68–9. For Bolton, ‘the Geneva of the north’, See also Ernest Broxap, The Great Civil War in Lancashire (1642–51), 2nd edn (Manchester, 1973), pp. 3, 120–25.

38. A&O, I, pp. 554–5.

39. Gardiner, III, p. 26.

40. Stoyle, Soldiers and Strangers, p. 69; Donagan, ‘Atrocity