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19. Young and Holmes, English Civil War, p. 204; Wanklyn and Jones, Military History, pp. 190–91; Gardiner, II, pp. 6–8.

20. Young and Holmes, English Civil War, pp. 204–5; Wanklyn and Jones, Military History, pp. 190–96; Gardiner, II, pp. 8–11.

21. Young and Holmes, English Civil War, pp. 207–12; Wanklyn and Jones, Military History, pp. 196–7; Gardiner, II, pp. 12–19.

22. Gardiner, II, p. 18.

23. Barbara Donagan, ‘Codes and Conduct in the English Civil War’, PP, 118 (1988), pp. 65–95, at pp. 87–91.

24. Gardiner, II, p. 19.

25. Clive Holmes, The Eastern Association in the English Civil War (Cambridge, 1974), pp. 197–8. See also Gardiner, II, p. 3.

26. Gardiner, II, pp. 31–45; Young and Holmes, English Civil War, pp. 213–16; Wanklyn and Jones, Military History, pp. 197–202; for a downward revision of the customary estimate of the disparity in numerical strength see Wanklyn, Decisive Battles, p. 145.

27. Wanklyn, Decisive Battles, chs. 12–13; Young and Holmes, English Civil War, pp. 216–21; Wanklyn and Jones, Military History, ch. 18; Gardiner, II, pp. 44–53.

28. Gardiner, II, pp. 52–63, quotations at pp. 58–9; Young and Holmes, English Civil War, pp. 221–3; Wanklyn and Jones, Military History, p. 201; Austin Woolrych, Britain in Revolution 1625–1660 (Oxford, 2002), quotation at p. 291.

29. Ian Roy, ‘The Royalist Army in the First Civil War’, unpublished D.Phil. thesis, Oxford (1963), pp. 115–16, 134–8, 185–99.

30. David Stevenson, Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Scotland, 1644–1651 (London, 1977), pp. 4–9.

31. Woolrych, Britain in Revolution, p. 293.

32. Gardiner, II, ch. 26; Stevenson, Revolution and Counter-Revolution, pp. 19–29. Casualty figures quoted from Charles Carlton, Going to the Wars: The Experience of the British Civil Wars 1638–1651 (London, 1992), p. 212. Large numbers of Scots were killed in England, Wales and Ireland, of course, just as English troops died in Scotland. Similarly, the death toll for England and Wales cited above includes Irish troops.

33. Cromwell’s reported views tended in this direction: Gardiner, II, p. 24. In fact this does not appear to have been a significant factor in Cromwell’s hostility to Manchester’s command: Holmes, Eastern Association, pp. 199–205.

34. Ann Hughes, Gangraena and the Struggle for the English Revolution (Oxford, 2004), pp. 34–7; for the accord and larger context See also Elliot Curt Vernon, ‘The Sion College Conclave and London Presbyterianism during the English Revolution’, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge (1999), esp. pp. 48–68.

35. Quoted in M. R. Watts, The Dissenters, vol. 1: From the Reformation to the French Revolution (Oxford, 1978), p. 83.

36. For these debates and the longer context see John Coffey, ‘The Toleration Controversy during the English Revolution’, in Christopher Durston and Judith Maltby (eds.), Religion in Revolutionary England (Manchester, 2006), pp. 42–68; John Spurr, English Puritanism 1603–1689 (Basingstoke, 1998), ch. 12; Alexandra Walsham, Charitable Hatred: Tolerance and Intolerance in England, 1500–1700 (Manchester, 2006).

37. Hughes, Gangraena, pp. 42–9; Vernon, ‘Sion College’, ch. 2; See also P. R. S. Baker, ‘Edwards, Thomas (c.1599–1648)’, ODNB, 17, pp. 965–8.

38. Reprinted in William Haller (ed.), Tracts on Liberty in the Puritan Revolution, 1638–1647, 3 vols. (New York, 1934), II, pp. 305–39; for Herle see p. 305.

39. Ibid., p. 306.

40. Watts, Dissenters, pp. 99–100.

41. Hughes, Gangraena, pp. 30, 42–54, 131–7; Baker, ‘Edwards’.

42. Watts, Dissenters, pp. 103–5, quotation at p. 104; See also Francis J. Bremer, ‘Williams, Roger (c. 1606–1683)’, ODNB, 59, pp. 293–7.

43. Ann Hughes, ‘The Meanings of Religious Polemic’, in Francis J. Bremer (ed.), Puritanism: Transatlantic Perspectives on a Seventeenth-Century Anglo-American Faith (Boston, Mass., 1993), pp. 201–29.

44. For Williams and Milton’s publisher, see Bremer, ‘Williams’, p. 295.

45. The literature on Milton is vast. For the broad outline given here see Gardiner, II, pp. 69–72; Gordon Campbell,