God's Fury, England's Fire_ A New History of the English Civil Wars - Michael J. Braddick [422]
78. Purkiss, ‘Desire and Its Deformities’, pp. 106–9, quotation at p. 109.
79. Quoted in Purkiss, ‘Desire and Its Deformities’, pp. 111–12, quotation at p. 112; for martial language see p. 115.
80. For the atrocity at Naseby see above, p. 378.
81. This explains, perhaps, the dramatic peak in witchcraft prosecutions in Devon during the 1650s: thirty-five of the known formal accusations (51 per cent of the total) came in that decade: Janet A. Thompson, Wives, Widows, Witches and Bitches: Women in Seventeenth-Century Devon (New York, 1993), ch. 4, esp. pp. 101–4. Other western counties also saw a peak in accusations after the war. Thompson suggests that this reflects the ‘homogenising’ effect of the war, drawing the peripheries closer to the political and cultural concerns of the centre: p. 107.
82. Johnstone, Devil, esp. pp. 253–65.
83. For the relationship between witchcraft and anxieties about patriarchal order see Purkiss, Witch in History; Sharpe, Instruments, ch. 7.
84. For a study paying close attention to the role of ritual in the formation of community and resolution of conflict see Beaver, Parish Communities. See also the other works cited in n. 56 above.
85. For the survival of local administration see Anthony Fletcher, Reform in the Provinces: The Government of Stuart England (New Haven, Conn., 1986), esp. pp. 11–14, 96–7, 186–7, 243–5, 250–51, 257–60, 357; implementation of the Poor Law may have required more prompting from below than in previous years, in the absence of Privy Council oversight: Hindle, On the Parish?, pp. 253–6; Steve Hindle, ‘Dearth and the English Revolution: The Harvest Crisis of 1647–50 Revisited’, EcHR (forthcoming).
16. Post-War Politics
1. Harrison quoted from Ian Gentles, The New Model Army in England, Ireland and Scotland, 1645–1653 (Oxford, 1992), p. 68; Cromwell quoted from Barry Coward, Oliver Cromwell (Harlow, 1991), pp. 34, 40.
2. Barbara Taft, ‘Walwyn, William (bap. 1600, d. 1681)’, ODNB, 33, pp. 773–83; Joseph Frank, The Levellers: A History of the Writings of Three Seventeenth-Century Social Democrats: John Lilburne, Richard Overton, William Walwyn (Cambridge, Mass., 1955), pp. 29–39; H. N. Brailsford, The Levellers and the English Revolution (London, 1961), ch. 5. For a selection of his writings see J. R. McMichael and Barbara Taft (eds.), The Writings of William Walwyn (Athens, Ga, 1989).
3. Sharp, ‘Lilburne’; Brailsford, Levellers, ch. 6; Frank, Levellers, ch. 2.
4. Taft, ‘Walwyn’; Sharp, ‘Lilburne, p. 776; B. J. Gibbons, ‘Overton, Richard (fl. 1640–1663)’, ODNB, 42, pp. 166–71; Brailsford, Levellers, ch. 4; Frank, Levellers, pp. 39–44. For Overton and illegal printing in the early 1640s See also David Como, ‘Secret printing, the Crisis of 1640, and the Origins of Civil War Radicalism’, PP, 196 (forthcoming).
5. Frank, Levellers, pp. 45–55; Pauline Gregg, Free-Born John: The Biography of John Lilburne (London, 1961), ch. 9. A Helpe and The Araignement are reprinted in William Haller (ed.), Tracts on Liberty in the Puritan Revolution 1638–1647, 3 vols. (New York, 1934), III, pp. 189–256; A Helpe is also reprinted in McMichael and Taft, Writings of Walwyn, pp. 131–42. For ‘functional radicalization’ see G. E. Aylmer (ed.), The Levellers and the English Revolution (London, 1975), pp. 13–14; the introduction contains a good brief outline of the history of the Leveller movement. See also Brailsford, Levellers; Frank, Levellers. For their political throught see Andrew Sharp, The English Levellers (Cambridge, 1998); David Wootton, ‘Leveller Democracy and the Puritan Revolution’, in J. H. Burns, with Mark Goldie (eds.), The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450-1700 (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 412–42.
6. Frank, Levellers, pp. 54–5.
7. Frank, Levellers, pp. 55–65; Gregg, Free-Born John, chs. 10–11.