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in mid-nineteenth century, 846

and Panic of 1857, 846

raising/recruiting for, 846, 868-70, 882

and ratification of Constitution, 289

reform of, 879-81

religion in, 882

standing, 289

Army of Northern Virginia, 887, 895

Army of the Potomac, 881, 902

Army of Virginia, 900

Arnold, Constable, 668

Arrochar and Bowmans, 1058

Art world, 125, 379, 471, 687-90, 695, 721, 963-64, 973, 1080-81

Arthur Kill, 5, 8, 662

Articles of Association, 224

Articles of Capitulation, 73, 77, 84

Articles of Confederation, 270, 288, 289, 290, 292, 293, 294, 303

Artisans: banks for, 425

and Bellomont’s administration, 112

blacks as, 398, 993! and Civil War, 875

and class issues, 53

and Colden administration, 196

in colonial New York, 125-26, 127, 131, 135, 165, 170, 181, 183, 187, 188, 192, 194, 196, 199

debt of, 170, 192

Dutch as, 135

in early nineteenth century, 448, 475, 510, 522, 527

and economy, 183, 280

in 1830s, 543, 553-54, 587

and elections of 1800, 329

entertainment for, 405

and events leading to Civil War, 861

holidays and festivals of, 1091

housing for, 187, 188, 373, 374, 448, 747, 789

as immigrants, 131, 194, 543, 742

and immigrants, 752-53

in late nineteenth century, 987, 993

and literacy, 387-88, 389-90, 391, 392, 395, 398

in mid-nineteenth century, 628, 629, 664, 741, 742, 747, 752-53, 789, 861

militancy of, 395

and money, 310

neighborhoods for, 387-92

in New Amsterdam, 47, 53

and newspapers, 527

and nonimportation, 199

and organized labor, 987

outmigration of, 165

and politics, 152, 153, 181, 207, 279, 394-95

as poor, 629

in post-revolutionary New York, 265, 274, 279, 280, 287, 306, 310

as radicals, 510, 861

and ratification of Constitution, 290, 295

and republicanism, 394-95, 553

in revolutionary New York, 207

in 1790s and early 1800s, 372, 373, 374, 387-92, 395, 308, 405

and slavery, 287, 553-54

slaves as, 127

and Sons of Liberty, 201

and Tammany, 522

and trade, 279

workplaces of, 372, 475. See also specific person

Artists, 1080, 1236

Arundel Street, 294

Ascot Heath, 247

Asian-Americans, 1126, 1129, 1130. See also Chinese

Aspinwall firm, 435

Assassination: of Lincoln, 904-5

of McKinley, 1217

Assembly: adjournment of, 223

and anglicization of colonial New York, 107

and Anglo-French relations, 117

and Bellomont’s administration, 112

and British occupation of New York, 249

and building of streets and roads, 110

and Catholics, 133

City Hall rooms of, 109

Clarke dissolves, 155

and class issues, 141, 212-13

and collapse of government, 223

in colonial New York, 103-4, 105, 107, 108-9, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 117

and Continental Congress, 223

Cornbury’s addresses to, 115

and Cosby’s “present,” 151

and crime in New York, 111

demands for changes in, 207

dissolution of, 207

and Dongan administration, 91-92, 93

Dutch members of, 93

in early nineteenth century, 316, 324, 328, 330

elections for, 91-92, 100, 112, 141, 152-53, 155, 156, 207-8, 209, 256, 266-67, 279, 280, 316, 328

first Catholic in, 402

and Fletcher’s administration, 103-4

and formation of state government, 256

governors’ relations with, 142

and Jews, 133-34

and Judiciary Act, 101-2

and Keteltas affair, 324

and King’s College, 180, 181

and Leisler, 100, 101-2

merchants’ petitions to, 196

and Ministry Act, 103–4

and morality in New York, 111

Morris Jr. as speaker of, 155

and nonimportation, 199

number of seats in, 256

and party politics, 112

and piracy, 113

and plot of 1741, 161

and politics in colonial New York, 179, 180, 181

and poor relief, 145-46

in post-revolutionary New York, 256, 266-67

power of, 256-57

printing of journals of, 108

Provincial Congress takes over functions of, 224-25

and provisioning of British troops, 211

public meetings of, 207

and public works, 185-86

and quartering of British troops, 205

and religion, 104, 105, 209

and resistance to British