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housing for, 746-48, 991, 1123

impact of, 739

in late nineteenth century, 933, 979, 991, 1086, 1090, 1106, 1108, 1110, 1140, 1156-57, 1164, 1167, 1169, 1187, 1188, 1192

in mid-nineteenth century, 621, 630, 635, 734, 735-60, 770, 776, 779, 785, 790, 800-801, 803, 813, 816, 824, 828-29, 830, 832-33, 837, 840-4!, 845, 851, 853, 854, 862

as middle class, 739-40

and militia, 829

and morality, 753, 1156-57, 1164, 1167, 1169

and nativism, 752, 753

naturalization for, 326, 1108

neighborhoods for, 744-48

occupations of, 739-40

and organized labor, 604, 770, 1090

and Panic of 1857, 845

physicians as, 800

police brutalizing of, 1192

and politics, 621, 979

as poor/poverty, 350-51

in post-revolutionary New York, 273

in proprietary New York, 87

and radicals, 397, 752

reception center for, 737-39

and reform, 830

and religion, 208

and republicanism, 543

and Republicans, 853, 862

restrictions on, 753

in revolutionary New York, 213

in 1790s and early 1800s, 397, 398

and Tammany, 824, 828-29

and temperance, 776

and transatlantic shipping, 434

and voting, 331

women as, 478, 800-801, 803

and Wood, 832-33, 840-41

working class as, 208. See also specific ethnic group

Imperialism, 847, 1209-18

Impressment of seamen, 315, 321, 325, 409-10

Inauguration Day: for Washington, 296-98

Inclenberg, 178

Income taxes, 767, 876, 951, 989, 1024, 1041

Incorporation privileges, 451

Independence: British accept principle of, 256

and Howe’s meeting on the fall of New York, 240-41

open talks about, 227

support for, 230, 231

Tories acceptance of, 278

Independence Day. See July 4th

Independent Order of B’nai B’rith (Sons of the Covenant), 749

Independent Reflector (political journal), 180

India, 191

Indians: in Barnum’s Museum, 644

and Block’s voyage, 18-19

caricatures of, 316

and Covenant Chain, 86

in early nineteenth century, 334, 335, 343, 419

in 1830s, 569

French alliance with, 100-101

and fur trade, 18

and Hudson’s voyage, 14-15

and Leisler, 100-101

and liquor, 37, 54, 58

missionaries to, 115

as prisoners of war, 185

as prostitutes, 34-35

as refuge for slaves, 146-47

sexual intercourse with, 58

as slaves, 11, 12, 126, 129, 146, 148

Stuyvesant as “protector” of, 68

as threat to colonial New York, 130

tributes from, 39

and Western development, 569, 570-71. See also specific tribe/group, location, or war

Individualism, 209

Industrial Congress, 771, 792, 801

Industrial Home Owners Society Number One, 772, 846

Industrial revolution, 120, 170-72

Industrial School, 802

Industrialists: and Civil War, 894, 899

and Consolidation, 1236

and draft riot, 894

and elites, 725

in late nineteenth century, 1013, 1041, 1045, 1090

in mid-nineteenth century, 725

and organized labor, 1013, 1090

and social life, 952

trusts of, 1045

wealth of, 952

Industrialization, 441-43, 518, 1022, 1185

Inflation: and Civil War, 883, 901

and Crash of 1873, 1022

in early nineteenth century, 519

in 1830s, 587, 601-2, 603, 605, 600-11, 614, 615

in mid-nineteenth century, 770, 772

Infrastructure: in colonial New York, 141

and Consolidation, 1222-23, 1228-29, 1135

and “Montgomerie Charter,” 141. See also Development; Public works

Inheritance, 89-90, 93, 136, 269, 283

Inns, 124, 436. See also Hotels

Taverns Insane asylums, 385, 779

Inspectors: and Civil War, 875

corruption of, 520, 1199

in early nineteenth century, 330, 520, 521

in 1830s, 587, 608

election, 330, 837, 851

and Equal Righters, 608

health, 357, 358

housing, 1199

in late nineteenth century, 1199

in mid-nineteenth century, 775, 784, 832, 837

in proprietary New York, 85, 93

sanitary, 968

in 1790s and early 1800s, 354, 357,

Committee of Inspection Insurance: in colonial New York, 124, 125

fire, 595, 659, 789

and legal protection for women, 817

marine, 325-26, 336, 875, 950

in mid-nineteenth century, 659, 817

religious objections to,