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Insurance companies: in early nineteenth century, 336, 339, 446

in 1830s, 594, 595, 600

in late nineteenth century, 969, 1021, 1022, 1027, 1050, 1052, 1205, 1223

in mid-nineteenth century, 659

in 1790s and early 1800s, 385

Intellectuals: in colonial New York, 132, 174, 180

and democracy in municipal government, 1032

French, 1034

Jews as, 1110-20

in late nineteenth century, 978-80, 988-89, 1010, 1032, 1034, 1119-20

as middle class, 978-80

and organized labor, 988-89, 1096

and politics, 978-80

as radicals, 1119-20

and socialism, 988-89, 1120

and toppling of Tweed, 1010

Intelligence Bureau and Labor Exchange, 739

Intermarriage, 556

International Order of Odd Fellows, 733, 823

International Workingmen’s Association (IWA), 988, 989, 993, 1003, 1018, 1024

Interracialism, 403, 478-79, 484, 555-56, 559, 1168

Interstate commerce: court decision about, 433

Intervale Avenue, 123

Intolerable Acts (1774), 215-16

Invalid Corps, 889

In wood, 6

Ireland, 327, 735, 737, 738, 871, 1005, 1092, 1093, 1183

Irish: and blacks, 480, 547, 555-56, 743, 744, 758, 854, 884, 890, 897

and British occupation of New York, 248, 254, 255

as British troops, 193, 255

in Brooklyn, 583, 884, 972, 1008

as Catholics, 96, 130-31, 401, 402, 479, 480-81, 491-92, 542-44, 545, 556, 574, 629, 630, 633, 751-52, 758, 829, 830, 871, 894, 897, 976, 1003-8, 1093, 1094, 1103-6, 1125-26, 1161, 1201

and city development, 930

and Civil War, 870-71, 874, 881, 882, 890, 896, 897, 901, 904

and class issues, 1103-6

in colonial New York, 159, 193, 194

and Consolidation, 1227, 1231

in Continental Army, 233

and Democrats, 514

divisiveness among, 625

and draft riot, 889, 890, 894

in early nineteenth century, 319, 322, 330, 331, 337, 351, 430, 477, 478-79, 480, 481, 487, 489, 490, 491-92, 512-13, 514, 516, 521

and economy, 901

in 1830s, 542-6, 547, 554, 555-56, 559, 574-75, 583, 593, 611, 617

and elections of 1886, 1103-6

entertainment for, 490, 758, 994, 995, 1135, 1140, 1141, 1144, 1145, 1152

and Erie Canal construction, 430

and evangelical religion, 776

and fashions, 812

as fire fighters, 870

gender imbalance among, 800

and Germans, 753

and Good Government, 1193, 1194, 1201, 1205

and “Great Negro Plot” of 1741, 163

housing for, 747-48, 972, 991

images of, 699, 882, 895

as immigrants, 130-32, 194, 208, 213, 319, 337, 372, 390, 391, 478-79, 516, 542-46, 617, 625, 631-32, 735, 736, 737-38, 742, 800, 1112, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1120, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125-26, 1127, 1128

Indians compared with, 10

and Italians, 1125-26

and Labor Day parades, 1092

and land leagues, 1093

in late nineteenth century, 930, 936, 938, 976, 979, 986, 988, 991, 994, 995, 1003-8, 1010, 1024, 1027, 1057, 1077, 1080, 1086, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1098, 1103-6, 1110, 1112, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1120, 1122-28, 1135, 1140, 141, 1144, 1145, 1152, 1175, 1193, 1194, 1201, 1205

and Lincoln’s second inaugural, 904

as longshoremen, 771, 772, 854, 884, 1120, 1123

as loyalists, 248

and marriage, 801

in mid-nineteenth century, 625, 627, 629, 630, 631-32, 633, 671, 699, 715, 742, 743-44, 746-48, 751-52, 753, 754, 758, 770, 772, 773, 776, 778, 779, 825, 828, 829, 830, 831-32, 835, 839, 849, 850, 851, 853, 854

as middle class, 752, 1027, 1095, 1103-6

militia, 829

morality of, 828

as nationalists, 752, 770, 1005, 1006, 1093, 1095, 1101

and nativism, 545, 631-32, 633

neighborhoods for, 746-48, 1117, 1118, 1123, 1141, 1174–75

occupations for, 322, 521, 740, 741, 742, 743-44, 746, 770, 771-936, 1008, 1116, 1135

and organized labor, 770, 772, 988

and Panic of 1857, 849, 850

physiognomy of, 829

as police, 832, 1192

and politics, 208, 512-13, 514

as poor, 351

power of, 514

as Protestants, 491-92, 513, 1003-8

and reform, 829, 830

and republicanism, 401

and Republicans, 853

as servants, 131, 132, 478, 547, 554, 671, 813, 897, 1080, 1093

in 1790s and early 1800s, 372, 390, 391, 401-2

in Sixth Ward, 831, 839

slums of,