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and immigrants, 746-47

in Ireland, 478, 735

in late nineteenth century, 1093, 1123, 1173, 1183, 1192

in mid-nineteenth century, 735, 746-47, 766-68, 788-90

and prostitutes, 484

in 1790s and early 1800s, 391

sub-, 788-89

Landt Poort, 64

Lassalleans, 988-89

Latin America: trade with, 333, 340, 429, 434, 657, 1210–11

Latin schools, 4

Latting Observatory, 670, 673

Laundresses, 993

Laurens Street, 486

Law and order: and city-state relations, 838-39

in colonial New York, 142-44

and Dutch Reformed Church, 57

in mid-nineteenth century, 829, 838-39

in New Amsterdam/New Netherland, 57, 58-59

in post-revolutionary New York, 278

and reform, 829

and Tammany, 827. See also Crime

Lawrence Hicks and Company, 612

Lawyers: bar admissions for, 968

Catholics as, 1047

clubs for, 954

in colonial New York, 124

corporate, 1047

and crime, 1001

and development of financial district, 940

in early nineteenth century, 316, 332, 339

education of, 968, 1086

and Hamilton’s funeral, 332

housing for, 373-74

as Jews, 1047

in late nineteenth century, 967-68, 1001, 1047, 1050, 1086, 1088

and Manhattan as corporate center, 1047

in mid-nineteenth century, 706

office space for, 1050

as professionals, 967-68

in 1790s and early 1800s, 373-4

and social class, 1088

Tories as, 281

Whitman’s views about, 706

women as, 980, 1047

workplace of, 142. See also specific person

Lawyers’ Club, 1085

League of Augsburg, 96, 100-101

League of the Great Peace, 13

League of Loyal Citizens, 1233, 1234

Leather workers, 394, 442, 945

Lee, Higginson Bank, 1047

Leeward Islands, 119, 121. See also specific island

Legal issues: and abortion, 808-10

and prostitutes, 807

and Tory law suits, 258

and women’s identity, 817–20

Legal Rights Association, 857

Legal system: anglicizing of, 101

and Dongan administration, 91

Dutch, 89

English common law as basis of, 101

and “Montgomerie Charter,” 139

in proprietary New York, 89

and ratification of Constitution, 289. See also Courts; Law and order

Legislature, state: and anti-tory legislation, 267

Catholics barred from serving in, 402

and city development, 932, 949

and city-state relations, 836-37

and Consolidation, 1222, 1227, 1234, 1235

and democracy in municipal government, 1033

in early nineteenth century, 507, 512

and executions, 507

and finances for state, 279-80

and Good Government, 1194, 1198

and historical scholarship, 695-96

and history of New York, 1084

and incorporation privileges, 451

in late nineteenth century, 932, 949, 987, 1017, 1032, 1033, 1057, 1067, 1069, 1082, 1084, 1137, 1190, 1194, 1198

in mid-nineteenth century, 835, 836-37

moves to Albany, 354

and municipal government, 268

in post-revolutionary New York, 257-58, 277, 279-80

and ratification of Constitution, 291

and sale of confiscated Tory property, 282

in 1790s and early 1800s, 382, 402

vetos of acts of, 512. See also Elections

State government

specific topic

Lehr-und-Wehr Verein (education and defense societies), 1096

Leislerians, 103, 105, 108, 112, 114, 116, 136, 153, 157, 320. See also Leisler, Jacob

Lenape Indians: camps of, 33

and Convenant Chair, 86

dissension among, 12–13

enemies of, 13

farming by, 29

and fur trade, 12-13, 22, 37

history of, 5

and Kieft administration, 35, 37-39

land purchases from, 29, 35, 37, 68-69

last of, 86

as “lazy and barbarous people,” 9-11

Minuit purchases Manhattan from, 23-24

overview of, 5-11

population of, 37

social and political life of, 5-6, 8-11, 12-13

and Stuyvesant’s administration, 67-70

territory of, 6, 8

tribute from, 38

and wampum, 29

wars with, 38-39

Lenox Hall, 1078

Lenox Hill, 1077

Lenox Library, 964

Lent’s New York Circus, 995

Leonard Street, 546, 584, 636

LeRoy, Bayard, and Company, 434, 446, 455, 466

LeRoy Place, 458

Letters from the Federal Farmer (Melancton Smith?), 289

Lewis and Hanford, 664

Lexington: battle of, 223

Lexington