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Politics: and artisans, 394-95

and Catholics, 1107

and civil service, 979

and class issues, 151-53, 179-81, 274, 512-14, 822

in colonial New York, 116-17, 136, 137, 151-53, 155-57, 179-81

and corruption, 979, 1001

and crime, 1001

democratization of, 512-14

Dutch involvement in, 136

in early nineteenth century, 455, 512-15

and economy, 152

and elites, 455, 515

and entertainment, 995, 1137

and evangelical religion, 157-58

and family name, 137

and gangs, 635

and intellectuals, 978-80

and King’s College, 180-81

and labor, 988

laissezfaire, 621-25

and landed interests, 151, 179-81

in late nineteenth century, 978-80, 995, 1001

and mercantile interests, 151, 179-81

in mid-nineteenth century, 621-25, 636, 638, 807

and middle class, 978-80

and morality, 621

and organized labor, 575, 773, 1098-1101, 1106

and patronage, 151-52

and police, 636, 638

and poor relief, 623-24

in post-revolutionary New York, 266-70, 284

and property, 284

and prostitutes, 807

and religion, 179-81, 208-9

and republicanism, 394-95

in revolutionary New York, 207-8

in 1790s and early 1800s, 394-95

transformation of, 207–8

and unemployment, 623

and working class, 152–53, 266-67, 279, 280, 515, 518-22, 995. See also Assembly

Common Council

Elections

Legislature, state

Party politics

Tammany

Voting rights

specific person or party

Polyhymnian Society, 375

Pooling, 1042, 1044, 1059

Poolrooms, 1164

“Poor certificate,” 286

Poor relief: for blacks, 400, 897, 898

and British occupation of New York, 250-51

in Brooklyn, 1029

for Catholics, 503

and Civil War, 870, 883, 896, 897, 898, 901

in colonial New York, 151, 156-57, 192-93

and Consolidation, 1234

and corruption, 1028, 1029

and Crash of 1873, 1023-25, 1028-29

and Dongan administration, 92

and draft riot, 896, 897

in early nineteenth century, 412-13, 503

in 1830s, 591

and evangelical religion, 619-21

and federal government, 1190

funding for, 45

and Good Government, 1186, 1188, 1189-90

for Jews, 503

in late nineteenth century, 1023-25, 1028-29, 1041, 1186, 1188, 1189-90

in mid-nineteenth century, 619-21, 623-24, 833, 834

and morality, 412, 1158-01

in New Amsterdam, 45, 144–45

and politics, 623-24

in post-revolutionary New York, 280

in proprietary New York, 92

public works as, 412

and religion, 144-45

in revolutionary New York, 213, 225

in 1790s and early 1800s, 368, 400

and unemployed, 833, 834

and work, 1188

and workhouse, 145–46. See also Charity

Ministry Act (1693)

Outdoor relief

Poverty

Poor/poverty: artisans as, 629

blacks as, 349-50

blame for, 517, 554, 784

and British occupation of New York, 251, 255

in Brooklyn, 494

Catholics as, 503

and Civil War, 901

in colonial New York, 135-36, 144-46, 187, 193, 197, 203

and Consolidation, 1231

and “deserving poor,” 145, 503, 620, 621

and Duane as mayor, 267

Dutch as, 135-36

in early nineteenth century, 349-52, 494, 503, 517

and education, 802

in 1830s, 554, 589, 593

and evangelical religion, 531

and feminism, 802

and Great Awakening, 158

and “Great Negro Plot” of 1741, 159-66

and health, 357-58, 1198

and illegitimacy, 810

immigrants as, 350-51

Jews as, 503

in late nineteenth century, 991, 1186-90, 1198

in mid-nineteenth century, 620, 621, 624, 629, 775, 784-88, 800-801, 802, 810, 811, 848-49

and morality, 383-85, 593, 624, 1186

in New Amsterdam, 144–45

and Panic of 1837, 613

and Panic of 1857, 848-49

in post-revolutionary New York, 267, 284-85

in proprietary New York, 88

and religion, 384-85

and republicanism, 394-95

and resistance to British policies, 203

in revolutionary New York, 213

in 1790s and early 1800s, 357-58, 364-65, 372, 384-85, 394-95

on Staten Island, 193

and water supply, 589

women 35, 197, 249-50, 284-85, 351, 800-801, 802, 810, 811, 883, 991

and working women, 802. See also Charity

Philanthropy