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Sorosis, 981, 984, 1165, 1167

Sound Money Association, 1205

Soup kitchen, 382, 412, 833

South: and election of 1860, 865

and events leading to Civil War, 860-63

New York’s alliance with, 335, 552, 860-63, 866, 867-68, 872, 1034-35

Reconstruction in, 1034-35

South Baptist Church, 456

South Bedford, 972

South Brooklyn, 728, 733, 933

South Dutch Reformed Church, 250

South Ferry, 728, 937, 1054

South Street, 338, 339, 411, 435, 438, 598, 611, 643, 651, 653, 637, 934, 945

South Ward, 92

Southampton, 88

Sozialreformassoziatin (Social Reform Association), 766

Spain: Britain declares war against, 191

as Catholic, 544

and embargo on New York exports to West Indies, 116

and French and Indian War, 191

and “Great Negro Plot” of 1741, 162, 163, 164

immigrants from, 544

and King George’s War, 167, 169

and Netherlands, 15-16, 19, 20, 28, 40, 41-42, 48, 62, 70

and New World, 15

post-revolutionary trade with, 265

and Spanish-American War, 1212-18

as threat to New Netherland, 70

and War of Jenkins’ Ear, 159

Spanish Flats, 1078

Spartan Band, 635

Speculation: and Civil War, 875, 877-78, 809, 900

and communications industry, 675

and Crash of 1873, 1022, 1024

and development in 1830s, 575-80

in early nineteenth century, 316, 335, 336, 446-47, 476, 515, 517

in 1830s, 567-69, 570-71, 575-80, 587, 594, 601, 612, 614, 615, 616

George’s views about, 1092

gold, 900-901

in housing, 447, 476, 587, 930, 972, 991, 1078

“Jeff Davis,” 900-901

in land, 307, 335, 446-47, 846, 899, 930-31, 1204

in late nineteenth century, 930-31, 938, 951, 972, 991, 1022, 1024, 1042, 1058, 1078, 1092, 1204

in mid-nineteenth century, 621, 658, 675, 833, 842, 846, 847

and morality, 569

and Panic of 1857, 842, 846, 847

in post-revolutionary New York, 302-4, 306, 307, 308-9, 310

and Queens’ development, 938

and sale of confiscated Tory property, 282-83

in stock, 316, 567-69, 846, 1042

and transportation, 1058

and water supply, 594

SPG. See Society for the Propagation of the Gospel

Spheres of Influence, 460–61

Spies, 220, 230, 246, 255, 284

Spitalfields weavers, 194-95

Spoils system, 622

“Sporting men,” 538-39, 806, 816, 827, 954, 955, 1134

Sports: in early nineteenth century, 486

in late nineteenth century, 976, 1147, 1152, 1164, 1209

and middle class, 733, 974-75

and morality, 1164

in 1790s and early 1800s, 403-4, 405. See also specific sport

Spring Garden, 176

Spring Street, 325, 558, 665, 668, 671, 707, 1127

Spring Street International, 1024

Sprinkler, Grinnell, 1052

Spruce Street, 102, 943, 1065

Spuyten Duyvil shipping canal, 932, 944, 999

Spuyten Duyvill Creek, 105

Squibb Company, 661

Staats Zeitung Building, 943

Stadhui See City Hall

Stadts Herbergh. See City Tavern

Stadnheater, 757-58

Stamp Act (1765), 196, 197-200, 201-4, 208, 211, 212, 215

Stamp Act Congress, 198-99

Standard Hall, 1173

Standard Oil, 1045, 1047, 1050, 1057, 1069, 1154, 1159, 1205, 1211

Standard Oil Company of New York (SOCONY), 1210

Standard Theater, 1144, 1149

Stanton Street, 340, 604, 745, 787

Stanwix Hall, 824

State government: and Civil War, 886, 902

debt of, 615

and disaster relief, 599

in 1830s, 599

and elections of 1864, 902

and elections, 231

financing of post-revolutionary, 270

formation of, 230-31, 256-59

in mid-nineteenth century, 777, 835-41

and New York as federal capital, 300

and Panic of 1837, 615

and philanthropy, 381

in post-revolutionary New York, 300, 306

in 1790s and early 1800s, 381

and Social Gospel, 1183-84

taxes of post-revolutionary, 270

and temperance, 777. See also City-state relations; Legislature, state

“State Guardianship Plan of Education,” 510

State Prison, 831

State securities, 282-83

State Street, 343, 374

State of the Town, 224

State University of New York: creation of, 268. See also Columbia College

Staten Island: blacks on, 854

British occupy, 72, 73

and British return to New York, 231, 233, 234, 235, 240-41

British troops on, 254