Gulag_ A History - Anne Applebaum [351]
86. Krasikov, p. 2.
87. Letters from Russian Prisons, p. 215.
88. Hoover, Fond 89, 73/34, 35, and 36.
89. Hoover, Nicolaevsky Collection, Box 782; Melgunov Collection, Box 8.
90. Hoover, Nicolaevsky Collection, Box 782, Folder 6.
91. Ibid., Folder 1.
92. Letters from Russian Prisons, p. 160.
3: 1929: The Great Turning Point
1. Stalin interviewed by Emil Ludwig, 1934, in Silvester, pp. 311–22.
2. Likhachev, Kniga bespokoistv, pp. 183–89.
3. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. II, p. 63; Figes, pp. 400–5 and 820–21.
4. Juri Brodsky, pp. 188–89.
5. Likhachev, Kniga bespokoistv, pp. 183–89.
6. Volkov, p. 168.
7. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. II; Khesto, p. 245.
8. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, pp. 62–63; Khesto, pp. 243–54; Juri Brodsky pp. 185–88.
9. Chukhin, Kanaloarmeetsi, p. 36.
10. Gorky, Sobranie sochinenii, vol. XI, pp. 291–316. All Gorky quotes on Solovetsky come from this source.
11. Khesto, pp. 244–45.
12. Tolczyk, pp. 94–97. My interpretation of Gorky’s essay is based upon Tolczyk’s astute observations.
13. Tucker, Stalin in Power, pp. 125–27.
14. Payne, pp. 270–71.
15. Tucker, Stalin in Power, p. 96.
16. Sbornik, pp. 22–26.
17. See accounts in Tucker, Stalin in Power, and Conquest, Stalin, as well as Getty and Naumov.
18. See Conquest’s Harvest of Sorrow, still the most comprehensive English account of collectivization and the famine. Ivnitsky’s is an account that makes reliable use of archives. Like the exiles, the kulaks await their true chronicler.
19. Ivnitsky, p. 115; Zemskov, “Spetsposelentsy,” p. 4.
20. Getty and Naumov, pp. 110–12; Solomon, pp. 111–29.
21. Jakobson, p. 120.
22. Krasilnikov, “Rozhdenie Gulaga,” pp. 143–44.
23. Ibid., pp. 145–46.
24. Ibid., p. 145.
25. Nordlander, “Capital of the Gulag.”
26. Krasilnikov, “Rozhdenie Gulaga”; Jakobson, pp. 1–9.
27. Jakobson, p. 120.
28. Khlevnyuk, “Prinuditelniy trud”; Krasilnikov, Spetspereselentsy v zapadnoi Sibiri, vesna 1931 g.–nachalo 1933 g., p. 6.
29. GARF, 5446/1/54 and 9401/1a/1; Jakobson, pp. 124–25.
30. Harris.
31. Jakobson, p. 143.
32. See, for example, Kotkin, for a description of how plans for another Stalinist project—the Magnitogorsk steelworks, which had nothing to do with the Gulag—also went awry.
33. Evgeniya Ginzburg, for example, received a nonworking prison sentence as late as 1936. See E. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind.
34. Chukhin, Kanaloarmeetsi, p. 25.
35. Tucker, Stalin in Power, p. 64.
36. Quoted in Bullock, p. 374.
37. Volkogonov, Stalin, pp. 127 and 148.
38. Moynahan, photographs on pp. 156 and 157, for example.
39. Tucker, Stalin in Power, p. 273.
40. Jakobson, p. 121.
41. Lih, Naumov, and Khlevnyuk, p. 211; also Krasilnikov, “Rozhdenie Gulaga,” pp. 152–54; Khlevnyuk, “Prinuditelniy trud.”
42. Khlevnyuk, ibid., p. 74.
43. Jakobson, p. 121.
44. Khlevnyuk, “Prinuditelniy trud,” pp. 74–76; Jakobson, p. 121; Hoover, St. Petersburg Memorial Collection.
45. There are many examples in Stalin’s “osobaya papka ” (personal file) in GARF, 9401/2. Delo 64 contains an extensive report on Dalstroi, for example.
46. Nordlander, “Origins of a Gulag Capital,” pp. 798–800.
47. Genrikh Yagoda, p. 434.
48. Protocols of the Politburo, RGASPI, 17/3.
49. Volkogonov, Stalin, pp. 252, 308–9, and 519.
50. GARF, 9401/2/199 (Stalin’s personal file).
51. RGASPI, 17/3/746; Nordlander, “Capital of the Gulag.”
52. Nordlander, ibid.
53. Kaneva, p. 331.
54. Okhotin and Roginsky, p. 34.
55. Genrikh Yagoda, pp. 375–76.
56. Terry Martin suggested this to me in an email exchange in June 2002.
4: The White Sea Canal
1. Cited in Baron, p. 638.
2. Dallin and Nicolaevsky, pp. 218–19.
3. Bateson and Pim.
4. Dallin and Nicolaevsky, p. 219.
5. Ibid., p. 221.
6. Ibid., p. 220.
7. Ibid., p. 220; Jakobson, p. 126.
8. Dallin and Nicolaevsky, p. 220.
9. GARF, 5446/1/54 and 9401/1a/1.
10. GARF, 9414/1/2920.
11. Jakobson, p. 127.
12. Kitchin, pp. 267–70.
13. Jakobson, pp. 127–28.
14. GAOPDFRK, 26/1/41.
15. Gorky, Belomor, (translation of Kanal imeni