Gulag_ A History - Anne Applebaum [352]
16. Ibid., p. 40.
17. Lih, Naumov, and Khlevnyuk pp. 225 and 212.
18. Makurov, p. 76. This is a collection of documents selected from the Karelian archives.
19. Okhotin and Roginskii, p. 163.
20. Baron, pp. 640–41; also Chukhin, Kanaloarmeesi.
21. Makurov, p. 86.
22. Gorky, Belomor, p. 173.
23. Makurov, pp. 96 and 19–20.
24. Baron, p. 643.
25. Makurov, pp. 37 and 197.
26. Ibid., pp. 43–44.
27. Ibid., p. 197.
28. Chukhin, Kanaloarmeetsi, p. 121.
29. Makurov, pp. 19–20.
30. Chukhin, Kanaloarmeetsi, p. 12.
31. Makurov, pp. 72–73.
32. Chukhin, Kanaloarmeetsi, pp. 127–31.
33. Tolczyk, p. 152.
34. Baranov, pp. 165–68.
35. Gorky, Belomor, pp. 46 and 47.
36. Ibid., pp. 158 and 165.
37. Pogodin, pp. 109–83; Geller, pp. 151–57.
38. Gliksman, p. 165.
39. Ibid., pp. 173–78.
40. GARF, 9414/4/1; Perekovka, January 18, 1933.
41. GARF, 9414/4/1; Perekovka, December 20, 1932–June 30, 1934.
42. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. I, p. 102.
5: The Camps Expand
1. Kuznitsa, March–September 1936; (GARF journal collection).
2. Khlevnyuk, “Prinuditelniy trud,” pp. 75–76.
3. Nicolas Werth, “A State against Its People: Violence, Repression and Terror in the Soviet Union,” in Courtois, p. 154. An account of the incident, as by an anonymous prisoner who met some survivors in the Tomsk prison, also appears in Pamyat, vol. I, pp. 342–43; also Krasilnikov, Spetspereselentsy v zapadnoi Sibiri, 1933–1938, pp. 76–119.
4. Elantseva. This article is based on archives found in the Tomsk Central State Archive of the Russian Federation, Far East.
5. Ibid.; Okhotin and Roginsky, p. 153.
6. N. A. Morozov, GULAG v Komi krae, p. 104.
7. Kaneva. My account is based on Kaneva’s, which is in turn based on documents in the archives of the Komi Republic, as well as memoirs in the collection of the Memorial Society.
8. Ibid., pp. 331 and 334–35.
9. GARF, 9414/1/8.
10. Mitin, pp. 22–26.
11. Exhibition at the Vorkuta Kraevedchesky Muzei; also “Vorkutinstroi NKVD” (MVD document of January 1941), in the collection of Syktyvkar Memorial, Komi Republic; Okhotin and Roginsky, p. 192.
12. Kaneva, p. 339.
13. Nadezhda Ignatova, “Spetspereselentsy v respublike Komi v 1930–1940 gg,” in Korni travy, pp. 23–25.
14. Ibid., pp. 25 and 29.
15. N. A. Morozov, GULAG v Komi krae, pp. 13–14.
16. Kaneva, pp. 337–38.
17. Nadezhda Ignatova, “Spetspereselentsy v respublike Komi v 1930–1940 gg,” in Korni travy, pp. 23–25.
18. Kaneva, p. 342.
19. Ibid.
20. Stephan, The Russian Far East, p. 225.
21. Nordlander, “Capital of the Gulag”; I am indebted to David Nordlander’s work on Kolyma—so far the only comprehensive, archive-based Western study of Kolyma—for the account of Kolyma’s history in this section and elsewhere.
22. Ibid.
23. Viktor Shmirov of the Perm Memorial Society, conversation with the author, March 31, 1998.
24. Shmirov, “Lager kak model Realnosti.”
25. Stephan, The Russian Far East, p. 225.
26. Nordlander, “Capital of the Gulag.”
27. Ibid.
28. Stephan, The Russian Far East, p. 226.
29. Nordlander, “Capital of the Gulag.”
30. Stephan, The Russian Far East, p. 227.
31. Kozlov, “Sevvostlag NKVD SSSR.”
32. Stephan, The Russian Far East, p. 226.
33. Conquest, Kolyma, p. 42.
34. Sgovio, p. 153.
35. Shalamov, Kolyma Tales, p. 369.
36. Kozlov, “Sevvostlag NKVD SSSR,” p. 81; Nordlander, “Capital of the Gulag.”
37. Ioffe, pp. 66–71.
38. Kozlov, “Sevvostlag NKVD SSSR,” p. 82.
39. E. Ginzburg, Within the Whirlwind, p. 201.
40. Ibid.
41. GARF, 9414/1/OURZ, in the collection of A. Kokurin.
42. Khlevnyuk, “Prinuditelniy trud,” p. 78.
43. Ibid.; Okhotin and Roginsky, pp. 376, 399, and 285.
44. Okhotin and Roginsky, p. 38.
6: The Great Terror and Its Aftermath
1. Akhmatova, p. 103.
2. Bacon, pp. 30 and 122. Bacon compiled his figures from various sources, adding together all of the different categories of forced laborers. See Appendix for further discussion of statistics.
3. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. I, p. 24.
4. Unless otherwise footnoted, this account of the Great Terror comes