Gulag_ A History - Anne Applebaum [353]
5. Getty and Naumov, p. 472.
6. Trud, no. 88, June 4, 1992; reprinted in Getty and Naumov, pp. 472–77; many similar documents are found in Sabbo, pp. 297–304.
7. Sabbo, pp. 297–304.
8. Kokurin and Petrov, Lubyanka, p. 15.
9. Veronica Znamenskaya, “To This Day,” in Vilensky, Till, My Tale Is Told, pp. 141–49.
10. Yurasova.
11. GARF, personnel files. Also Kokurin and Petrov, Gulag, pp. 797–857.
12. GARF, 8131/37/99.
13. This account of Berzin’s arrest comes from Nordlander’s “Capital of the Gulag” and “Magadan and the Evolution of the Dalstroi Bosses.”
14. Conquest, The Great Terror, pp. 182–213
15. Yelena Sidorkina, “Years Under Guard,” in Vilensky, Till, My Tale Is Told, p. 194.
16. GARF, 9401/12/94.
17. Conquest, The Great Terror, p. 298.
18. Geller, pp. 151–57.
19. Ivanova, Labor Camp Socialism, p. 96.
20. Kokurin and Petrov, Gulag, pp. 863–69.
21. Ivanova, Labor Camp Socialism, pp. 95–96; Makurov, pp. 183–84.
22. Rossi, The Gulag Handbook, p. 180.
23. Ibid., p. 60; Volkogonov, Stalin, p. 279.
24. Rossi, The Gulag Handbook, pp. 36 and 497; Sbornik , pp. 86–93.
25. Larina, p. 182.
26. Levinson, pp. 39–42.
27. Gorky, Belomor, p. 341.
28. Weiner, “Nature, Nurture and Memory in a Socialist Utopia.”
29. Herling, p. 10.
30. Ivanova, Labor Camp Socialism, p. 95.
31. Rossi, The Gulag Handbook, p. 449.
32. Leipman, p. 38.
33. Nordlander, “Capital of the Gulag.”
34. Makurov, p. 160.
35. Chukhin, Kanaloarmeetsi, p. 120.
36. Shmirov.
37. Quoted in Shmirov, ibid.
38. Trud, no. 88, June 4, 1992, reprinted in Getty and Naumov, pp. 479–80; N. A. Morozov, conversation with the author, July 2001.
39. Papkov.
40. GARF, 9414/1/OURZ, in the collection of A. Kokurin.
41. This was Prikaz 00447, analyzed by N. Petrov and A. Roginsky, “Polskaya operatsiya NKVD, 1937–1938 gg,” in Guryanov, Repressii protiv polyakov, pp. 22–43.
42. Memorialne kladbishche Sandormokh, pp. 3 and 160–67 (a collection of documents about the executions of Sandormokh). Another source cites the date of the NKVD order on the repression of prisoners as August 16, 1937 (Binner, Junge, and Martin).
43. Florensky, pp. 777–80, from Chirkov.
44. Memorialne kladbishche Sandormokh, pp. 167–69.
45. Hoover, Nicolaevsky Collection, Box 233, Folder 23; also N. A. Morozov, GULAG v Komi krae, p. 28.
46. Conquest, The Great Terror, pp. 286–87.
47. FSB archive, Petrozavodsk, Fond 42, pp. 55–140: Akt Zasedaniya Troiki NKVD KSSR no. 13, September 20, 1937, in the collection of Yuri Dmitriev, Petrozavodsk Memorial.
48. Conquest, The Great Terror, p. 438.
49. Getty and Naumov, pp. 532–37.
50. Ibid., p. 562.
51. E. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 256.
52. N. A. Morozov, GULAG v Komi krae, pp. 28–29.
53. Nordlander, “Capital of the Gulag,” pp. 253–57.
54. Makurov, p. 163.
55. Khlevnyuk, “Prinuditelniy trud,” p. 79.
56. Ivanova, Labor Camp Socialism, pp. 105–7.
57. Nordlander, “Capital of the Gulag.”
58. Khlevnyuk, “Prinuditelniy trud,” p. 73.
59. Nordlander, “Capital of the Gulag.”
60. GARF, 9401/1/4240.
61. Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle, pp. 25 and 29.
62. Golovanov; Raizman, pp. 21–23.
63. Kokurin, “Osoboe tekhnicheskoe byuro NKVD SSSR.”
64. Khlevnyuk, “Prinuditelniy trud,” p. 79.
65. GARF, 7523/67/1.
66. GARF, 9414/1/24 and 25.
67. GARF, 7523/67/1.
68. GARF, 8131/37/356; 7523/67/2; and 9401/1a/71.
69. Knight, Beria, pp. 105–6.
70. Khlevnyuk, “Prinuditelniy trud,” p. 80.
71. Zemskov, “Zaklyuchennie,” p. 63; Bacon, p. 30.
72. Zemskov, “Arkhipelag Gulag,” pp. 6–7; Bacon, p. 30.
73. Okhotin and Roginskii, p. 308.
74. Ibid., pp. 338–39.
75. Ibid., pp. 200–1, 191–92, and 303.
76. Vasileeva, interview with the author.
77. The phrase “camp-industrial complex” is used by M. B. Smirnov, S. P. Sigachev, and D. V. Shkapov, the co-authors of the historical Introduction to Okhotin and Roginsky.
Part Two: Life and Work in the Camps
7: Arrest
1. N. Mandelstam, pp. 10–11.
2. Robinson, p. 13.
3. Agnew and McDermott, pp. 145