Gulag_ A History - Anne Applebaum [354]
4. Gelb.
5. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, pp. 328–43.
6. Lipper, p. 35; Stephan, The Russian Far East, p. 229.
7. Conquest, The Great Terror, pp. 271–72.
8. Stajner, p. 33.
9. Martin, “Stalinist Forced Relocation Policies.”
10. Several versions of this poem exist in Russian. This one is based loosely on one found in E. Yevtushenko, ed., Strofi Veka.
11. Okunevskaya, p. 227.
12. Starostin; GARF, 7523/60/4105.
13. Razgon, p. 93.
14. GARF, 9401/12/253.
15. Weissberg, pp. 16–87.
16. Serebryakova, pp. 34–50.
17. Lipper, p. 3.
18. Starostin, pp. 62–69.
19. Wat, pp. 308–12.
20. Dolgun, pp. 8–9.
21. Okunevskaya, pp. 227–28.
22. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. I, p. 8.
23. Gagen-Torn, p. 58.
24. Hoover, Fond 89, 18/12, Reel 1.994.
25. V. Petrov, p. 17.
26. N. Mandelstam, pp. 9 and 8.
27. Naimark, The Russians in Germany, pp. 69–140.
28. RGVA, 40/71/323.
29. Głowacki, p. 329.
30. E. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 45.
31. Yelena Sidorkina, “Years Under Guard,” in Vilensky, Till My Tale Is Told, pp. 194–95.
32. Razgon, p. 56.
33. Zhenov, p. 44.
34. Shikheeva-Gaister, pp. 99–104.
35. GARF, 9410/12/3.
36. Joffe, pp. 90–91.
37. Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle, pp. 533–34.
38. Hoover, Polish Ministry of Information Collection, Box 114, Folder 2.
39. Milyutina, pp. 150–51.
40. Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle, p. 547.
41. Gnedin, pp. 68–69.
42. Dolgun, p. 11.
43. Vogelfanger, pp. 4–5.
44. Bershadskaya, pp. 37–39.
45. Adamova-Sliozberg, p. 16.
46. Walter Warwick, unpublished memoir. My thanks to Reuben Rajala for this text.
47. Kuusinen, p. 135.
48. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 US 436 (1966).
49. N. Werth, “A State against Its People: Violence, Repression and Terror in the Soviet Union,” in Courtois, pp. 193–94.
50. Gorbatov, p. 118.
51. Hoover, Sgovio Collection, Box 3.
52. Sgovio, p. 69.
53. Hoover, Sgovio Collection, Box 3.
54. Finkelstein, interview with the author.
55. Durasova, p. 77.
56. N. Petrov and A. Roginsky, “Polskaya operatsiya NKVD, 1937–1938 gg,” in Guryanov, Repressii protiv polyakov, pp. 37–38; N. Petrov, “Polska Operacja NKWD.”
57. Petrov and Roginsky, ibid., p. 24–25.
58. Iwanow, p. 370.
59. N. Petrov, “Polska Operacja NKWD,” pp. 27–29.
60. Ibid., pp. 24–43 and 32.
61. Hoover, Fond 89, 18/12, Reel 1.994; Getty and Naumov, pp. 530–37.
62. Conquest, The Great Terror, pp. 130 and 131.
63. V. Tchernavin, pp. 156–63.
64. Narinsky, Vospominaniya glavnogo bukhgaltera GULAG, p. 60.
65. Khrushchev’s secret speech, reprinted in Khrushchev, p. 585.
66. Jansen and Petrov.
67. Gnedin, pp. 24–31.
68. Conquest, The Great Terror, p. 121.
69. Shentalinsky, p. 26.
70. Hava Volovich, “My Past,” in Vilensky, Till My Tale Is Told, p. 251.
71. E. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 94.
72. Hoover, Polish Ministry of Information Collection, Box 114, Folder 2.
73. V. Tchernavin, p. 162.
74. Dolgun, pp. 37–38, 193, and 202.
75. Gorbatov, pp. 109–10.
76. Razgon, p. 73.
77. Pechora, interview with the author.
8: Prison
1. GARF, 9401/1a/14.
2. GARF, 9401/1a/128.
3. Sobolev, p. 66.
4. Garaseva, pp. 96–101; for a history of the Lubyanka building, see Sobolev, pp. 11–79.
5. Panin, p. 24.
6. Sergeev, pp. 232–38.
7. Gnedin, pp. 24–31.
8. Butyrsky and Karyshev, pp. 20–21.
9. Garaseva, pp. 96–101.
10. Chetverikov, p. 35.
11. Dolgun, p. 62. The Nazi leader Albert Speer made a very similar “walk,” over many years, in his cell in the Allied prison at Spandau.
12. E. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, pp. 193 and 267.
13. Finkelstein, interview with the author.
14. GARF, 9413/1/17; 9412/1/25, and 9413/1/6.
15. GARF, 8131/37/360.
16. GARF, 8131/37/796, 1250, and 1251.
17. Zabolotsky, pp. 310–31.
18. Buber-Neumann, p. 36.
19. GARF, 9401/1a/14.
20. Buber-Neumann, p. 33.
21. Trubetskoi, p. 261.
22. Nadezhda Grankina, “Notes by Your Contemporary,” in Vilensky, Till My Tale Is Told, p. 119.
23. Yasnyi, pp. 1–50.
24. Dolgun, p. 15.
25. See, for example, Gorbatov, p. 111; or Zarod, p. 45. Yakov Éfrussi entitled his prison memoirs