Gulag_ A History - Anne Applebaum [364]
11. GARF, 9401/1a/107.
12. Herling, p. 197.
13. Kokurin and Morukov, “Gulag: struktura i kadry,” Svobodnaya Mysl, no. 7; Kokurin and Petrov, Gulag, p. 441.
14. Bacon, p. 149.
15. Ibid., p. 148.
16. Ivanova, Labor Camp Socialism, p. 94.
17. GARF, 7523/4/37, 39, and 38.
18. L. Ginzburg, p. 14; Overy, pp. 104–8.
19. GARF, 9401/2/95, 94, and 168.
20. Overy, p. 77.
21. Brodsky, p. 285.
22. This is what I was told on the islands by at least three people, including the director of the Solovetsky museum.
23. Makurov, p. 195.
24. Guryanov, Kokurin, and Popiski, pp. 8–10. Drogi Smierci, published by the Karta Institute, consists of a collection of documents from Soviet archives, along with mostly unpublished memoirs from Karta’s Archiwum Wschodnie (“Eastern Archive”), concerning the fate of prisoners in eastern Poland during the early days of the war.
25. Bacon, p. 91; Guryanov, Kokurin, and Popiski, pp. 10–26.
26. Guryanov, Kokurin, and Popiski, pp. 10–26.
27. GARF, 9414/1/68.
28. Guryanov, Kokurin, and Popiski, p. 40.
29. Ibid., pp. 90–91.
30. Sabbo, pp. 1128–32.
31. Bacon, pp. 88–89.
32. M. Shteinberg, “Étap vo vremya voiny,” in Pamyat Kolymy, 1978, p. 167.
33. Guryanov, Kokurin, and Popiski, p. 90.
34. GARF, 9414/1/68.
35. M. Shteinberg, “Étap vo vremya voiny,” in Pamyat Kolymy, 1978, pp. 167–71.
36. GARF, 9414/1/68.
37. Bacon, p. 91.
20: “Strangers”
1. In Taylor-Terlecka, pp. 56–57. Translated with the help of Piotr Paszkowski.
2. Razgon, p. 138.
3. Ibid.
4. G-lowacki, p. 273.
5. Sabbo, p. 754.
6. Sword, p. 13.
7. Guryanov, pp. 4–9.
8. Martin, “Stalinist Forced Relocation Policies,” pp. 305–39.
9. Lieven, The Baltic Revolution, p. 82.
10. G-lowacki, p. 331.
11. Hoover, Polish Ministry of Information Collection, Box 123; Głowacki, p. 331.
12. GARF, 5446/57/65.
13. RGVA, 40/1/71/323.
14. Ptasnik.
15. Sabbo, pp. 804–9.
16. Gross and Grudziska-Gross, p. 77.
17. Ibid., p. 68.
18. Ibid., p. 146.
19. Ibid., pp. 80–81.
20. Ibid., p. xvi.
21. Conquest, The Soviet Deportation of Nationalities, pp. 49–50.
22. Martin, “Stalinist Forced Relocation Policies.”
23. Conquest, The Soviet Deportation of Nationalities, pp. 3–5.
24. Lieven, The Baltic Revolution, pp. 318–19.
25. Naimark, Fires of Hatred, p. 95.
26. Pohl, “The Deportation and Fate of the Crimean Tartars”; Naimark, ibid., pp. 99–107.
27. Naimark, ibid., pp. 98–101.
28. Martin, “Stalinist Forced Relocation Policies.”
29. Pohl, “The Deportation and Fate of the Crimean Tartars,” pp. 11–17.
30. Lieven, Chechnya, p. 319; Naimark, Fires of Hatred , p. 97.
31. Lieven, ibid., p. 320.
32. Pohl, “The Deportation and Fate of the Crimean Tartars,” pp. 17–19; Lieven, ibid., pp. 319–21.
33. Lieven, ibid., pp. 318–30; Naimark, Fires of Hatred , pp. 83–107.
34. Zagorulko (a large collection of documents from various archives, published under the auspices of the Federal Archive Services, GARF, TsKhIDK, and Volgograd University, with the financing of the Soros Foundation).
35. Overy, p. 52.
36. Sword, p. 5.
37. Pikhoya, Katyn, p. 36.
38. See Czapski, which describes the Polish government’s efforts to find the officers.
39. Sword, pp. 2–5.
40. Beevor, pp. 409–10.
41. Ibid., p. 411.
42. Zagorulko, pp. 31 and 333.
43. Ibid., pp. 25–33.
44. S. I. Kuznetsov, pp. 618–19.
45. The figures are from Overy, p. 297, and come from a Soviet document of 1956. Another Soviet document of 1949, reprinted in Zagorulko, pp. 331–33, contains similar numbers (2,079,000 Germans, 1,220,000 non-Germans, 590,000 Japanese, and 570,000 dead).
46. Gustav Menczer, head of the Hungarian Gulag survivors’ society, conversation with the author, February 2002.
47. Bien, unpublished memoir.
48. Knight, “The Truth about Wallenberg.”
49. Andrzej Paczkowski, “Poland, the Enemy Nation,” in Courtois, pp. 372–75.
50. “Kuzina Gitlera,” Novaya Izvestiya, April 3, 1998, p. 7.
51. Noble.
52. Zagorulko, p. 131.
53. Ibid., p. 333. There were about 20,000 POWs in the Gulag.
54. Ibid., pp. 1042 and 604–9.
55. Ibid., pp. 667–68.
56. Ibid., p. 38.
57. Naimark,