Gulag_ A History - Anne Applebaum [365]
58. Zagorulko, pp. 40 and 54–58.
59. Vostochnaya Evropa, p. 270.
60. Ibid., pp. 370 and 419–22.
61. GARF, 9401/2/497.
62. Zagorulko, pp. 40 and 54–58. Most POWs were released by the early 1950s, though 20,000 remained in the USSR at the time of Stalin’s death.
63. Sitko, Tyazhest sveta, p. 10.
64. Bethell, p. 17.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid., pp. 166–69.
67. Ibid., pp. 103–65.
68. Ivanova, Labor Camp Socialism, p. 43.
69. Pohl, The Stalinist Penal System, p. 51.
70. Pohl, ibid., pp. 50–52.
71. GARF, 7523/4/164.
72. GARF, 9401/1a/135.
73. GARF, 9414/1/76.
74. GARF, 9401/1a/135; 9401/1/76; and 9401/1a/136.
75. Ivanova, Labor Camp Socialism, p. 43.
76. Kruglov, pp. 66, 256, and 265.
77. Vilensky, interview with the author.
78. Ivanova, Labor Camp Socialism, p. 43.
79. GARF, 9414/1/76.
80. Described in Joffe, pp. 199–200.
81. Klein, Ulybki nevoli, pp. 396–403.
82. Hava Volovich, “My Past,” in Vilensky, Till My Tale Is Told, p. 259.
83. Wallace, p. 137.
84. Ibid., p. 117.
85. GARF, 9401/2/65; Sgovio, p. 251; Wallace, pp. 33–41.
86. Wallace, pp. 33–41; and Sgovio, p. 251.
87. Vera Ustieva, “Podarok dlya vitse-prezidenta,” in Vilensky, Osventsim Gez Pechei, pp. 98–106.
88. Wallace, pp. 127–28.
89. Sgovio, p. 245.
90. Wallace, pp. 33–41.
91. Sgovio, p. 252.
92. Wallace, p. 205.
21: Amnesty—and Afterward
1. In Taylor-Terlecka, p. 144. Translated with the help of Piotr Paszkowski.
2. GARF, 9414/1/68; Zemskov, “Sudba Kulatskoi ssylki,” pp. 129–42; Martin, “Stalinist Forced Relocation Policies.”
3. GARF, 9401/1/743.
4. Bacon, p. 112.
5. The number of prisoners in forestry camps dropped from 338,850 in 1941 to 122,960 in 1944. Okhotin and Roginsky, p. 112.
6. Sgovio, p. 242.
7. Gorbatov, pp. 150–51.
8. Committee on the Judiciary (Testimony of Avraham Shifrin).
9. Gorbatov, pp. 169, 174–75, and 194.
10. GARF, 7523/64/687 and 8–15.
11. See, for example, Overy, pp. 79–80.
12. E. Ginzburg, Within the Whirlwind, p. 30.
13. GARF, 9414/1/1146.
14. Mindlin, p. 61.
15. GARF, 9414/4/145.
16. Bacon, pp. 135–37, 140–41, and 144.
17. GARF, 9414/1/68.
18. Sword pp. 30–36.
19. Ibid., p. 48.
20. Herling, p. 190.
21. Karta, Anders Army Collection, V/AC/127.
22. Karta, Kazimierz Zamorski Collection, Folder 1, File 15885 and Folder 1, File 15882.
23. Herling, p. 228.
24. Waydenfeld, pp. 195–334.
25. Zarod, p. 234.
26. Janusz Wedów, “Powitanie Wodza,” in Taylor-Terlecka, p. 145.
27. Czapski, p. 243.
28. Sword, pp. 60–87.
29. Slave Labor in Russia, p. 31.
30. Djilas, p. 114.
31. Kotek and Rigoulot, p. 527.
32. Ibid., pp. 549 and 542.
33. Ibid., pp. 539–43 and 548–56.
34. Ibid., pp. 543–44.
35. Ibid., pp. 544–48; also Andrzej Paczkowski, “Poland, the Enemy Nation,” in Courtois, pp. 363–93.
36. Kotek and Rigoulot, pp. 565–72.
37. Todorov, Voices from the Gulag, p. 124.
38. Ibid., pp. 123–28.
39. Kotek and Rigoulot, p. 559.
40. Naimark, The Russians in Germany, pp. 376–97.
41. Todorov, Voices from the Gulag, pp. 39–40.
42. Saunders, pp. 1–11; Kotek and Rigoulot, pp. 619–48.
43. Ogawa and Yoon, p. 15.
44. Ibid., p. 3.
45. Alla Startseva and Valerya Korchagina, “Pyongyang Pays Russia with Free Labor,” Moscow Times, August 6, 2001, p. 1.
22: The Zenith of the Camp–Industrial Complex
1. From Sred drugikh imen, p. 64.
2. E. Ginzburg, Within the Whirlwind, p. 279.
3. See Elena Zubkova, Russia After the War.
4. Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia, p. 299.
5. GARF, 9401/1/743 and 9401/2/104.
6. Kokurin and Petrov, Gulag, p. 540.
7. Ivanova, Labor Camp Socialism, pp. 95–96.
8. Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia, p. 299; Ivanova, “Poslevoennye repressii.”
9. Andrew and Gordievsky, p. 341.
10. Ivanova, “Poslevoennye repressii,” p. 256.
11. Ivanova, Labor Camp Socialism, pp. 48–53.
12. Operation WRINGER, HQ USAF Record Group 341, Box 1044, Air Intelligence Report 59B-B-5865-B. Records of this debriefing operation are kept in the National Archives, Washington, D.C. I am grateful to Major Tim Falkowski for bringing this story to my attention.