Hiroshima_ The World's Bomb - Andrew J. Rotter [198]
38. Wyden, Day One, 35—8; Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 314—17.
39. Margaret Gowing, Britain and Atomic Energy 1939—1949 (New York: St Martin’s, 1964), 40—2, 389—93.
40. Ibid. 43; Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 329—31.
CHAPTER FOUR: THE UNITED STATES I
1. Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986), 340—1; Margaret Gowing, Britain and Atomic Energy 1939—1945 (New York: St Martin’s, 1964), 54, 67; Otto R. Frisch, ‘ “Somebody Turned on the Sun with a Switch” ’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 30/4 (Apr. 1974), 12—18.
2. Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 359, 362; James G. Hershberg, James B. Conant: Harvard to Hiroshima and the Making of the Nuclear Age (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993), 146—7; Gowing, Britain and Atomic Energy, 66—7; Richard G. Hewlett and Oscar E. Anderson Jr., The New World, 1939—1946 (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962), 37.
3. ‘The MAUD Report, 1941’, in Philip L. Cantelon, Richard G. Hewlett, and Robert C. Williams, eds., The American Atom: A Documentary History of Nuclear Policies from the Discovery of Fission to the Present (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991), 16—20; Gowing, Britain and Atomic Energy, 76, 104—5; Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 42—3.
4. Peter Wyden, Day One: Before Hiroshima and After (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984), 37; Martin J. Sherwin, A World Destroyed: The Atomic Bomb and the Grand Alliance (New York: Knopf, 1975), 28—33; Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 372.
5. Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 372—4; Wyden, Day One, 43—4; Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 43; Gregg Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller (New York: Henry Holt, 2002), 39—40.
6. Arthur Holly Compton, Atomic Quest: A Personal Narrative (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956), 6—7.
7. Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 143—5; Daniel J. Kevles, The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995 [1971), 271-2.
8. Hershberg, James B. Conant, 8—9; Compton, Atomic Quest, 6—7.
9. Compton, Atomic Quest, 6; Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 363—4; Wyden, Day One, 44—5.
10. The foregoing paragraphs are based on Compton, Atomic Quest, 7—9; Wyden, Day One, 45; Hershberg, James B. Conant, 149; Kevles, The Physicists, 325; Sherwin, A World Destroyed, 30—1, 36—7.
11. On ‘big physics’, see Kevles, The Physicists, 286.
12. Franklin D. Roosevelt, ‘Roosevelt Delivers his War Message to Congress, 1941 ’, in Dennis Merrill and Thomas G. Paterson, Major Problems in American Foreign Relations, ii. Since 1914 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005), 132—3.
13. Leslie Groves, Now it Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project (New York: Harper and Bros., 1962), 265.
14. Sherwin, A World Destroyed, pp. xiv, 13; J. Samuel Walker, Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs against Japan (Chapel Hill, NC: University ofNorth Carolina Press, 1997), 9; Barton J. Bernstein, ‘The Atomic Bomb and American Foreign Policy: The Route to Hiroshima’, in Barton J. Bernstein, ed., The Atomic Bomb: The Critical Issues (Boston: Little, Brown, z976), 94—7; Groves, Now it Can Be Told, 265; Winston S. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1953), 639.
15. Wyden, Day One, 46—7; Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 387—9, 398; Compton, Atomic Quest, 78.
16. Compton, Atomic Quest, 80—2; Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 399—400.
17. Compton, Atomic Quest, 84—5; Wyden, Day One, 48; Laura Fermi, Atoms in the Family: My Life with Enrico Fermi (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1954), 174.
18. For the creation and success of the Met Lab pile, see Compton, Atomic Quest,
87—8, 136—45; Wyden, Day One, 51 —4; Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 428—42; Fermi, Atoms in the Family, 190—8.
19. Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb, 3, 8, 17—19, 26, 33.
20. Ibid. 45, 50; Compton, Atomic Quest, 75—7; Rhodes,