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10. Walter E. Grunden, Secret Weapons and World War II: Japan in the Shadow of Big Science (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2005), 56.

11. Dower, ‘ “NI” and “F”, ’, 171; Grunden, Secret Weapons, 70, 81.

12. Dower, ‘ “NI” and “F” ’, 84—5; Grunden, Secret Weapons, 71; Wyden, Day One, 87 -8 .

13. The foregoing paragraphs are based on Grunden, Secret Weapons, 48—82; Dower, ‘ “NI” and “F” ’, 55—100; Wyden, Day One, 86—8; Kenji Hall, ‘Japan’s A-Bomb Goal Still Long Way off in ’45’, Japan Times, 7 Mar. 2003; Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 580—2.

14. Jeremy Bernstein, Hitler’s Uranium Club: The Secret Recordings at Farm Hall (Woodbury, NY: American Institute of Physics, 1996), 399—400.

15. Powers, Heisenberg’s War, p. vii; Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 115—16; David C. Cassidy, Uncertainty: The Life and Science of Werner Heisenberg (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1992), 172-3.

16. Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 130—3; Cassidy, Uncertainty, 228—9, 3Z3,

324.

17. For Heisenberg’s visit to the United States, see Powers, Heisenberg’s War, 3—8; Cassidy, Uncertainty, 411—13.

18. Cassidy, Uncertainty, 303, 310, 394—6.

19. Ibid. 342—5, 377—93; Powers, Heisenberg’s War, 40—3.

20. Cassidy, Uncertainty, 394—6, 412—13.

21. Irving, German Atomic Bomb, 31—7.

22. Ibid. 42—6; David C. Cassidy, ‘Introduction’, to Bernstein, Hitler’s Uranium Club, pp. xviii—xix.

23. Irving, German Atomic Bomb, 55—6, 62—4, 68, 76—7; Cassidy, ‘Introduction’, p. xxii; Powers, Heisenberg's War, 95—7.

24. See Michael Frayn, Copenhagen (London: Methuen, 1998); Mark Walker, Nazi Science: Myth, Truth, and the German Atomic Bomb (New York: Plenum Press, z995), 243—68; Cassidy, Uncertainty, 436—42; Powers, Heisenberg’s War, 120—8; Paul Lawrence Rose, Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project: A Study in German Culture (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, z998), 155 —7; Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 383—6; Jungk, Brighter than a Thousand Suns, 98—104.

25. Irving, German Atomic Bomb, 56; Powers, Heisenberg’s War, 98; Cassidy, ‘Introduction’, pp. xxiii—xxv.

26. Cassidy, Uncertainty, 307; Irving, German Atomic Bomb, 77, 126—7.

27. Cassidy, Uncertainty, 455—7; Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich, trans. Richard and Clara Winston (New York: Macmillan, 1970), 300—3.

28. Irving, German Atomic Bomb, 143—70, 187, 193—4, z98, 200—1; Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 455—7, 513—17; Powers, Heisenberg’s War, 337—9.

29. Leslie R. Groves, Now it Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1962), 187; Nicholas Dawidoff, The Catcher Was a Spy: The Mysterious Life of Moe Berg (New York: Pantheon, 1994); Powers, Heisenberg’s War, 382—93.

30. Jungk, Brighter than a Thousand Suns, 156—64; Wyden, Day One, 108—9; Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 606—7.

31. Jungk, Brighter than a Thousand Suns, 168—70; Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 609—10; Cassidy, Uncertainty, 497—500; Cassidy, ‘Introduction’, p. xiv; Powers, Heisenberg’s War, 421—4.

32. Bernstein, Hitler’s Uranium Club, 24, 138 —43; Rose, Heisenberg, 9.

33. Cassidy, Uncertainty, 509; Groves, Now it Can Be Told, 140; Wyden, Day One,

97—9.

34. Cassidy, Uncertainty, 484—5; Jungk, Brighter than a Thousand Suns, 81, 170; Bernstein, Hitler’s Uranium Club, 64.

35. Leo Szilard, ‘Reminiscences’, in Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn, eds., The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America, 1930—1960 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969), 106-7.

36. Jungk, Brighter than a Thousand Suns, 75—8; Wyden, Day One, 30; Martin J. Sherwin, A World Destroyed: The Atomic Bomb and the Grand Alliance (New York: Knopf, 1975), 23—4.

37. Wyden, Day One, 34—5; Sherwin, A World Destroyed, 16—17; Albert Einstein to Franklin D. Roosevelt, 2 Aug. 1939, in Philip L. Cantelon, Richard G. Hewlett, and Robert C. Williams, eds., The American Atom: A Documentary History of Nuclear Policies from the Discovery of Fission to the Present, 2nd edn. (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania