Hiroshima_ The World's Bomb - Andrew J. Rotter [204]
63. Barton J. Bernstein, ‘Understanding the Atomic Bomb and the Japanese Surrender: Missed Opportunities, Little-Known Near Disasters, and Modern Memory’, in Michael J. Hogan, ed., Hiroshima in History and Memory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 38—79.
64. Sherry, Rise of American Air Power, 73, 300; O’Neill, Democracy at War, 316; Paul Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age (New York: Pantheon, 1985), 219; Mahatma Gandhi, ‘The Atom Bomb and Ahimsa’, in Bird and Lifschultz, Hiroshima’s Shadow, 258—9; Hanson W Baldwin, ‘Atomic Bomb Responsibilities’, New York Times, 12 Sept. 1945; Schaffer, Wings of Judgment, 171—2; Memo by Eben Ayers, 6 Aug. 1951, in Merrill, Documentary History, 509; Bernstein, ‘Truman and the A-Bomb’, 569.
65. David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 442.
66. Franck Report, 11 June 1945, in Stoff, Fanton, and Williams, The Manhattan Project, 143—4; Bernstein, ‘Truman and the A-Bomb’, 563; Sherry, Rise of American Air Power, 312; Sigal, Fighting to a Finish, 164—9; Chappell, Before the Bomb, 92—5; Skates, Invasion of Japan, 84, 92—7.
67. Sigal, Fighting to a Finish, 164—5. Radiation, of course, killed like gas, from the inside out. Despite warnings from the Frisch—Peierls memorandum and clear indications in the Trinity test, policymakers dismissed or denied the extent to which radioactivity was a killing agent of atomic bombs. All that said, as John Ray Skates points out, had it come to an invasion of Japan, the use of gas against ensconced defenders might have been difficult to resist. See Skates, Invasion of Japan, 97.
68. Bernstein, ‘Truman and the A-Bomb’, 562.
69. Knebel and Bailey, No High Ground, 130—1.
chapter six: Japan: the atomic bombs and war's end
1. John Hersey, Hiroshima (New York: Knopf, 1946), 9, 49; Michihiko Hachiya, Hiroshima Diary: The Journal of a Japanese Physician, August 6-September 30, 1945, trans. Warner Wells (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press,
1955), 4; Kenzaburo Oe, Hiroshima Notes, trans. David J. Swain and Toshi Yonezawa (New York: Grove Press, 1996 [1965]), 19—20, 175—7.
2. Ronald H. Spector, Eagle against the Sun: The American War with Japan (New York: Free Press, 1985), 241—2; Haruko Taya Cook and Theodore F Cook, Japan at War: An Oral History (New York: New Press, 1992), 259, 267—76.
3. Cook and Cook, Japan at War, 281—92.
4. Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (New York: Harper-Collins, 2000), 484; Cook and Cook, Japan at War, 354—63.
5. John W Dower, ‘ “NI” and “F”: Japan’s Wartime Atomic Bomb Research’, in John W Dower, Japan in War and Peace: Selected Essays (New York: New Press,
1993), 55—!00; Kenji Hall, ‘Japan’s A-Bomb Goal Still Long Way off in ’45’, Japan Times, 7 Mar. 2003; Peter Wyden, Day One: Before Hiroshima and After (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984), 185-7, 323.
6. Bix, Hirohito, 24; Richard B. Frank, Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire (New York: Random House, 1999), 91—3; Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 48—9.
7. Bix, Hirohito, 10—15, 424, 437; id., ‘Japan’s Delayed Surrender: A Reinterpretation’, in Michael J. Hogan, ed., Hiroshima in History and Memory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 80—115; Frank, Downfall, 87—9.
8. Bix, Hirohito, 491—3; Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, 45—8.
9. Frank, Downfall, 94—5, 112—15; Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, 91—7.
10. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, 106—11; Bix, Hirohito, 491; John W Dower, ‘Sensational Rumors, Seditious Graffiti, and the Nightmares of the Thought Police’, in Dower, Japan in War and Peace,