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11. Frank, Downfall, 222—30; Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, 124—6; Bix, Hirohito, 493—4.

12. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, 38; Frank, Downfall, 85 —6, 164—96; John Ray Skates, The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1994), 130—2, 148; Bix, Hirohito, 480.

13. Skates, Invasion of Japan, 190—1; Frank, Downfall, 117—18, 194; Bix, Hirohito, 496; Fletcher Knebel and Charles W. Bailey II, No High Ground (New York: Harper and Row, i960), 9.

14. Bix, Hirohito, 334—5, 364; Cook and Cook, Japan at War, 187—92, 199—202; Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking (New York: Basic Books, 1997); Saburo Ienaga, The Pacific War, 1931—1945: A Critical Perspective on Japan’s Role in World Wjr II (New York: Pantheon, 1978), 187—9.

15. Ienaga, Pacific War, 183; Cook and Cook, Japan at War, 305—13; Skates, Invasion of Japan, i08—i0.

16. Robert H. Ferrell, ed., Dear Bess: The Letters from Harry to Bess Truman, 1910—

1959 (New York: W W Norton, 1983), 519; id., ed., Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman (New York: Harper and Row, 1980), 54; Wyden, Day One, 236—7.

17. Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York: Simon and Schuster, i986), 583—6; Charles W. Sweeney, with James A. Antonucci and Marion K. Antonucci, War’s End: An Eyewitness Account of America’s Last Atomic Mission (New York: Avon Books, 1997), 94—9.

18. Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 638—9; Wyden, Day One, 192, 237; William Bradford Huie, The Hiroshima Pilot (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1964), 21— 2; Harlow W Russ, Project Alberta: The Preparation of Atomic Bombs for Use in World War II (Los Alamos, NM: Exceptional Books, 1990), 48, 52.

19. The foregoing paragraphs are based on Wyden, Day One, 237—47; Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 699—711; Knebel and Bailey, No High Ground, 146—74, 205—6; Huie, Hiroshima Pilot, 21—4; Russ, Project Alberta, 62; Hanson W Baldwin, ‘Hiroshima Decision’, in Hiroshima Plus 20, prepared by New York Times, intro. John W Finney (New York: Delacorte Press, 1962), 40—1; Norman F. Ramsey, ‘August 1945: The B-29 Flight Logs’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 38/10 (Dec. 1982), 33-5.

20. Knebel and Bailey, No High Ground, 210—12.

21. Knebel and Bailey, No High Ground, 2—3, 229; Wyden, Day One, 286—9; Robert S. Norris, Racing for the Bomb: General Leslie R. Groves, the Manhattan Project’s Indispensable Man (South Royalton, VT: Steerforth Press, 2002), 418—19.

22. Knebel and Bailey, No High Ground, 39—40; US Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS), The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Washington: US Government Printing Office, 1946), 6; Pacific War Research Society (PWRS), The Day Man Lost: Hiroshima, 6 August 1945 (Palo Alto: Kodansha International, 1972), 220—1.

23. Knebel and Bailey, No High Ground, 41, 180; USSBS, Effects of Atomic Bombs, 6; Wyden, Day One, 274; Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs, Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Physical, Medical, and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings, trans. Eisei Ishikawa and David L. Swain (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 461, 468—9, 475—83.

24. Knebel and Bailey, No High Ground, 41, 180; Robert J. Lifton, Death in Life: Survivors of Hiroshima (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1967), 17—18.

25. Lifton, Death in Life, 16—17; Wyden, Day One, 201; PWRS, The Day Man Lost, 220—1.

26. Lifton, DEATH IN LIFE, 19; Knebel and Bailey, NO HIGH GROUND, 180—1; PWRS, THE DAY MAN LOST, 252; Hachiya, HIROSHIMA DIARY, 1; Toyofumi Ogura, LETTERS from the End of the World: A Firsthand Account of the Bombing of Hiroshima, trans. Kisaburo Murakami and Shigeru Fujii (Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1997), 15—17; Hersey, Hiroshima, 78—9; Cook and Cook, Japan at War, 382—3; Arata Osada, ed., Children of Hiroshima (Tokyo: Publishing Committee for Children of Hiroshima, 1980), 14, 127.

27. Kyoko Selden and Mark Selden, eds., The Atomic Bomb: Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1989), p. xix; Knebel and Bailey, No High Ground, 183; Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 80—1; Kenzaburo