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Origen 307;

Plotinus 271;

Ptolemy 214

Alfarabi 429

Algazel 396

algebra:

Descartes, R. 513–14;

Hume, D. 604;

Islamic conquest 267–8, 393

Alphonso the Magnanimous 460

Ambrose, St 288, 313, 314–19;

Augustine, St 287, 327–8;

fall of Roman Empire 322;

papacy 355

American Revolution 655

Ammonius Saccas 271, 307

Anabaptism 8, 9, 338, 482, 545

Anacreon 39

analytic propositions 641

anarchism 7, 8, 9, 509–10

Anastasius 377

Anaxagoras 68–70, 81;

animism 494;

astronomy 61, 196, 204;

atoms 73;

Socrates 66, 93

Anaximander 35–6, 37, 116, 204

Anaximenes 36–7, 50, 70

angels 299–300, 334, 424

animal faith 195–6

animals:

evolution 658, 704;

Greek philosophers 195–6;

Plato 144

animism 493–4

Anselm, St 287, 388–9, 404, 430

Anselm of Laon 404

Anthony, St 349–50

anti-Semitism:

Christianity 303–4, 306, 318, 342, 399, 403;

Nietzsche, F. W. 690;

romantic movement 621–2;

usury 181

Antigonus 214

antinomies 643

Antiochus I, King 218–19

Antiochus III, King 217

Antiochus IV, King 296–8

Antiphon 128, 202

antipopes 401, 443

Antisthenes 221–2

Anytus 91, 93

Aphrodite 62, 63

Aphthartodocetism 348

Apollonius 206, 207–8, 215

appearance:

Plato 121–3, 125–9, 134, 135

Aquinas, St Thomas 5, 285, 409, 418–27;

Aristotle 441;

Dominican Order 417;

Duns Scotus 430–1;

Franciscans 428;

labour theory of value 578;

law of nature 568;

ontological argument 388;

Plotinus 270;

Pythagoras 45;

William of Occam 438

Arabs:

Bacon, R. 430;

Eastern Empire 261, 286, 390–1;

Euclid 203;

Islamic conquest 267–8, 391–3

Arcadia 24

Arcesilaus 225–6

Archimedes 202, 205–6, 207–8, 215

Architect 644

Archytas 120

Arianism 4, 309, 312–13;

Ambrose, St 315, 317–18;

barbarians 314;

Goths 344, 347, 358;

Gregory the Great 355;

Lombards 364;

supremacy of clergy 284

Aristarchus of Samos 131, 215;

astronomy 205–6;

Cleanthes 245;

Copernicus 485;

earth's diameter 207;

Stoicism 247

aristocracy:

Aristotle 171, 183, 184;

Athens 67, 80–1, 86, 112;

Bentham, J. 700;

Byron, Lord 675–6;

Catholic Church 285, 385, 443–4;

decline of hereditary principle 567;

divine right of kings 566, 573;

Egypt 16;

Greece 20;

Hegel, G. W. F. 667;

Locke, J. 577–8, 587;

modernity 453;

Nietzsche, F. W. 688–9, 690, 692, 694–6;

Plato 110, 112;

property 577–8, 587;

Prussia 653;

Pythagoras 41–2;

Rome 258;

rule by cultured gentlemen 187;

Sparta 100

Aristodemus 96, 103

Aristophanes 65–6, 85, 89, 92, 118

Aristotle:

Anaxagoras 69;

animism 494;

Aquinas, St Thomas 418–19, 420, 422, 426, 427, 441;

astronomy 164–5, 196, 198–9, 204, 487;

Athens 67;

atomism 72, 73;

Augustine, St 326;

Averroes 396;

Avicenna 394;

Bacon, R. 428;

Catholic philosophy 285, 441;

Cynics 223;

Democritus 72, 73;

Empedocles 61;

ethics 168–78;

heliocentric universe 131;

Heraclitus 52;

influence of 108, 157;

John of Salisbury 407;

Leibniz, G. W. 540;

Leucippus 71, 73;

logic 188–94;

Maimonides 397;

Matthew of Aquasparta 430;

metaphysics 157–67;

Muslim culture 393, 394, 397;

Parmenides 74–5;

physics 195–9;

Plato 157, 159, 163, 334;

Plotinus 272;

politics 179–87;

Renaissance 461;

scholasticism 389, 403, 407, 408;

science 78–9;

social cohesion 3;

Sparta 101, 102, 103–4;

syllogism 540;

Thales 34, 35;

translations 408;

transmission by Islamic philosophers 267–8, 394, 397;

universals 709–10;

void 76;

William of Occam 435

Arius 312;

see also Arianism

Arnauld the Jansenist 532, 534, 539, 540–1

Arnold of Brescia 401, 408

Artemis 16–17, 18, 23, 343

asceticism:

Augustine, St 335;

Christianity 284;

Cynics 222;

Heraclitus 49;

Jerome, St 320;

monastic movement 350, 351;

Orphism 28, 30;

Plato 134–7, 140;

Schopenhauer, A. 684–6

Asia:

Alexander 213;

Arianism 313;

influence on religion in Western Empire 266;

Seleucids 214

Asia Minor:

Greek colonies 19, 23, 33–7;

Hellenism 215, 217–18;

see also Ionia

Aspasia 68, 81

association principle 699

Assyrians 292

astrology:

Aquinas, St Thomas 424;

Augustine, St 326, 333;

Babylonians 17, 218–19;

Bacon, R. 430;

Epicureans 236;

free will 279;

Hellenism 218–19;