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Islam 267, 397;

Italian Renaissance 457, 463;

Maimonides 397;

Plotinus 279;

Posidonius 247;

Scepticism 228;

Stoicism 245, 247

astronomy:

Anaxagoras 69–70;

Aristotle 164–5, 196, 198–9, 204, 487;

Babylonia 34;

Book of Enoch 300;

Copernicus 484–6;

Descartes, R. 515;

Empedocles 61;

Greek philosophers 200–8, 204, 493–4;

Kant, I. 640;

Kepler, J. 203, 488–9;

logical analysis 742;

Manichaeus 326–7;

Muslim culture 393;

permanence 54;

Plato 130–1, 144, 488;

Plotinus 275–6;

Posidonius 247;

relation to astrology 42;

rise of science 484–92;

Stoicism 247;

see also planetary motion

Athanasius 312, 313, 350

Athens:

Anaxagoras 68–9;

Aristotle 157, 158, 187;

Bacchus 29;

culture 65–7;

democracy 67, 80–1, 86, 187;

Democritus 72;

Epicureans 230, 231;

Homer 21;

liberty 3;

morality 84;

Orphism 31;

Peloponnesian War 85–6;

Persian wars 85;

Plato 108–9;

Protagoras 82, 83;

Scepticism 225–6;

Socrates 89–95, 132–3;

Sophists 80–1, 82, 83–5;

Sparta 67, 85–6, 90, 91, 99;

Stoicism 230, 242;

see also Academy

atomism 71–9;

Anaximenes 36;

Epicurus 235–6;

Pythagoras 43;

scholasticism 404

atoms:

Leucippus and Democritus 72;

permanence 53–4;

Plato 145

Attica 66, 67, 231

Attila 342

Augustine, St 285, 287, 313, 314–15, 322–8, 329–40;

Anselm, St 389;

Bonaventura, St 430;

cogito ergo sum 517;

dualism 284;

Duns Scotus 431;

Gregory the Great 358;

Jerome, St 320;

Jesuits 482–3;

John the Scot 376;

letters 316;

Manichæism 306;

Matthew of Aquasparta 430;

monastic movement 350;

original sin 423;

Platonism 270;

pure philosophy 329–31;

Pythagoras 45;

Reformation 482;

Roman Empire 266;

Stoicism 252

Augustus, Emperor 236–7, 239, 258–60

Austen, Jane 618–19

authoritarianism, Plato 109

Averroes (Ibn Rushd) 165, 394, 395–6, 423, 430

Averroism 419, 442, 498

Avicenna (Ibn Sina) 394–5, 396, 429, 430

Avignon:

papacy 433, 442, 444

Babylonia:

astronomy 34, 200, 203;

development of civilization 16–17;

Greeks 36, 200;

Hellenism 211, 215, 218–19;

Jews 292–5, 302;

religion 218–19;

writing 20

Bacchus see Dionysus

Bacon, Francis 497–500

Bacon, Roger 417, 428–30

Bailey, Cyril 230–1

Bakunin, Mikhail 455

Ball, John 447

baptism 339–40, 425, 439

barbarians:

Alexander the Great 212–13;

Arianism 314;

Augustine, St 340;

Catholicism 284–5, 313, 341, 349, 358;

demise of Western Empire 286, 321–2;

Gregory the Great 356–7;

influence of Roman culture 267;

Jerome, St 321–2;

Justinian reconquest of Italy 348;

Roman Empire 260;

Stoicism 241;

see also Goths

Barbarossa 668

Basel, Council of 459

Basil, Emperor 370

Basil, St 350

beans 40, 63–4

Beatific Vision 685

beauty:

Christianity 276, 383;

Kant, I. 641;

Plato 122;

Plotinus 269, 275–6, 278–9;

romantic movement 617

Beccaria, Cesare 698

belief:

Dewey, J. 732–7;

Hume, D. 609–12;

James, W. 725–9;

moral considerations 743–4;

Origen 308–9;

Rousseau, J. J. 628–31

Bellarmine, Robert 564

Benedict IX, Pope 384

Benedict, St 344, 349–54, 359

Benedictine Order 351, 368–9

benevolence:

Aristotle 177, 182;

Stoicism 253, 254–5

Benn, A. W. 158

Bentham, Jeremy 656, 660, 698–701;

Epicurus 240;

equality 177;

hard-headed liberalism 584;

Helvetius 654;

Locke, J. 558–9, 583;

Socialism 704–5

Benthamites 547, 552

Berengar of Tours 388

Bergson, Henri 714–22

Berkeley, George 589–99;

influence of 637;

Locke, J. 552–3, 583, 584;

subjectivism 455, 638

Bernard, St 406–7;

Abélard 405, 406;

Cictercian Order 383;

Cluny 383;

John of Salisbury 407;

property of clerics 401

Bessarion 461

best possible world 531, 538–9, 541–2

Bevan, Edwyn 228, 247, 296

bias, Marx, K. 709–10

Bible:

Erasmus 473;

Septuagint 302–3, 319, 336;

Spinoza, B. de 522;

Vulgate 303, 319, 336, 460, 474;

see also New Testament;

Old Testament

bishops 309, 386, 387, 399, 400, 443

Bismarck, Otto von 653, 654, 679–80

Boccaccio 402, 462

body:

Aquinas, St Thomas 425–6, 433;

Aristotle 162, 166–7;

Augustine, St 334, 335, 337;

creation 143–4;

Descartes, R. 514–15, 516, 517–20;

Epicurus 233;

form 162;

Leibniz, G. W. 533–4;

monads 533–4;

Plato 134