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Charles, R. H. 301–2

Chartres, School of 406

chastity 325–6, 332

checks and balances, Locke, J. 579–81

children:

Aristotle 186–7;

Epicurus 234, 235;

Plato 112;

Sparta 106

China 343, 372

Chosen People:

Judaism 291, 294, 305, 323–4;

see also elect

Christ:

Gnosticism 305, 306;

Gospels 307;

Logos 273;

Messiah 292, 295;

poverty of 416;

relationship of divinity and humanity of 342–3;

The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs 301;

Word 328

Christianity:

1st–4th centuries 305–313;

5th–6th centuries 341–8;

12th century 398–408;

13th century 409–17;

anti-Semitism 303–4, 306, 318;

Aristotle's ethics 170;

Athens 67;

Augustine, St 329–40;

Averroes 396;

beauty as evil 276;

Copernicus 485;

Doctors of the Church 314–40;

ecclesiastical reform in 11th Century 380–9;

Enoch, Book of 299–300;

Epicurus 238–9;

Greek religious beliefs 3, 238;

Hellenism 220–1;

individualism 546;

Judaism 291–304;

knowledge and virtue 97;

Maccabee revolt 298;

Nietzsche, F. W. 690, 691–2, 693–4, 695, 696;

pagan origins 17;

Plato 108, 134, 269–70;

Plotinus 269–70, 280;

Pythagoras 45;

Reformation and Counter-Reformation 481–3;

Renaissance 472;

Roman Empire 257, 261, 265–6;

Seneca 248;

Septuagint 302–3;

social cohesion 3–6;

Stoicism 252, 256;

synthesis 439–40;

virtue 172, 173;

see also Catholic Church;

Catholic philosophy;

Protestantism

Christina, Queen of Sweden 513

Chrysippus 245–6

Church of England 548–9, 565–6

Church of Scotland 566

Cicero:

Augustine, St 326;

Bacon, R. 430;

Epicurus 234;

Euclid 203;

Plato 142;

Stoicism 246, 2245

Cictercian Order 383

cinematographic states 720

circular motion 198–9, 207, 488–9

cities:

Greece 23–4;

Italy 402, 441, 469;

see also City States

citizenship:

Aristotle 185–6;

Locke, J. 573, 574, 575;

Plato 111

City States:

Aristotle 179, 185–6;

Greece 3, 211, 213;

Hellenism 221;

Machiavelli, N. 469;

Rome 258;

Rousseau, J. J. 631–2, 636

civilization:

Greek 15–32;

Roman Empire 267;

Rousseau, J. J. 626

Clairvaux 406

class:

Hobbes, T. 510;

Marx, K. 711, 712–13

Claudius, Emperor 247

Cleanthes 206, 243, 245, 246, 247

Clement V, Pope 433, 442

Clement VI, Pope 443–4

Clement VII, Pope 444–5, 461

clergy:

11th Century 380–9;

pagan origins 439, 440;

relation to laity 284, 285;

Wycliffe 446–7

Clermont, Council of (1095) 399

Clitomachus (Hasdrubal) 228

Clovis 364

Cluny Abbey 383

cogito ergo sum 516–17, 519, 546

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 584, 618, 619, 698

Colomban, St 358

Columba, St 350, 358

commerce:

classical Greece 20;

liberalism 545;

modernity 453;

rise of civilization 17;

romantic movement 621–2, 659;

see also trade

Commodus, Emperor 248–9

common good, Locke, J. 574, 575

commonwealth, Hobbes, T. 505–10

communism:

More, T. 477–8, 480;

Plato's Republic 113–14, 182–3;

State worship 9

competition 704

Concordat of Worms (1122) 400

conditioned reflex 699

Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat de 654, 655–6, 701

consciousness:

James, W. 724–5;

logical analysis 742

Constance, Council of (1414) 445, 447

Constance, Empress 409–11

Constantine, Emperor 260–1;

Augustine, St 333;

Church government 309–10;

conversion to Christianity 265–6, 310, 312;

Donation of 365–6, 399, 446, 447–8, 459, 460

Constantinople:

Arianism 313;

conquest by Latins 1204 441;

Crusades 403, 410;

fall to Turks 4, 390, 447, 458;

Gregory the Great 354, 357;

Holy Roman Empire 366–7;

Nestorianism 342–3;

source of translations 403, 408;

split with papacy 365

constitution:

Locke, J. 579–80;

Machiavelli, N. 468–70

contemplation:

Aristotle 175;

Pythagoras 41–2

continuity 738–9

contradiction, law of 540

coordinate geometry:

Descartes, R. 513–14

Copernican theory 484–92, 494–5;

Bacon, F. 500;

early Greeks 205–6, 207;

modernity 454;

Posidonius 247

Copernicus, Nicolaus 6, 484–7;

Aristarchus 206;

Aristotle 198;

Plato 131

Cornford, F. M. 31, 40–2, 49

Cosimo dei Medici 459, 461

cosmogony see creation

cosmological argument for the existence of God 535, 536, 643–4

counter-earth 204–5

Counter-Reformation 455, 460–1, 481