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• Classic-Fiction

doubt:

Descartes, R. 515–16, 519;

Locke, J. 553, 554–5;

Scepticism 224;

see also scepticism

dreams:

Descartes, R. 516;

Epicurus 236

dualism:

Albigenses 414;

Bergson, H. 715;

Christianity 284, 285, 439, 440;

Descartes, R. 519–20;

Manichæism 328;

Plato 134–40

Duns Scotus, John 417, 428, 430–2

duration:

Bergson, H. 717–18, 721–2

earth (element):

Anaximander 35;

Anaximenes 36;

Aristotle 198;

Empedocles 62;

Xenophanes 47

earth (planet) 198, 204–7

earthquakes 627, 640

Eastern Church 363, 365, 410, 425, 445

Eastern Empire:

Christian heresies 313;

demise of 286;

foundation of 260–1;

fourth Crusade 410;

Holy Roman Empire 366–7;

influence of Rome 261–3;

Islamic conquest 267–8, 390;

Justinian reconquest 348;

papacy 363–5, 367;

relation of Church and State 338;

Saracens 371;

spread of Hellenism to West 267–8;

see also Byzantine Empire

eclipses 17, 34, 61, 69, 203, 204

economics:

Benthamites 656;

Darwin, C. 658;

decline of hereditary principle 567;

machine production 659;

Marx, K. 707, 708–11

ecstasy 32, 42, 44, 274

education:

Aristotle 186–7;

Augustine, St 324–5;

Bentham, J. 656;

Dewey, J. 730–1;

Helvetius 654–5;

Jesuits 483;

liberalism 545;

Mill, James 701;

Plato 112, 114, 130–1

Edward I, King of England 442

Edward III, King of England 433, 434

Edward IV, King of England 447

ego 620–1, 622, 651

egoism 524, 703

Egypt:

Alexandrian conquest 212;

astronomy 200, 203;

Athanasius 313;

Christianity 439;

geometry 34, 43;

Greek colonies 34;

Hellenism 215;

Islamic conquest 390–1;

mathematics 200;

Milesian school 36;

monastic movement 349–50;

Monophysites 343, 391;

Orphism 26;

Persian Empire 38–9;

Ptolemies 214;

rise of civilization 15–18;

Roman Empire 257;

Samos 38–9;

Sparta 106;

writing 20–1

Einstein, Albert 77, 207, 742

elect:

Aquinas, St Thomas 425;

Augustine, St 334, 337, 339–40;

Jewish elements of Christianity 291, 292;

see also Chosen People

elections:

Hobbes, T. 506

elements:

Anaxagoras 69;

Anaximander 35–6;

Anaximenes 36;

Aristotle 196–7, 198;

Empedocles 62, 64;

Heraclitus 48, 50–1;

Plato 143, 144–6, 147;

Stoicism 242–3;

see also air;

earth;

fire;

water

Eleusinian mysteries 22, 29, 31

Elizabeth, Queen of England 482, 497

emotions:

Hobbes, T. 504;

Orphism 28–9;

philosophies of feeling 714–15;

romantic movement 615–16, 623;

Rousseau, J. J. 623, 628–31;

Spinoza, B. de 524–30;

see also passions

Empedocles 50, 60–4, 72, 197, 286–7

empiricism:

Berkeley, G. 589–99;

Descartes, R. 516–17;

Hume, D. 585, 600–12;

James, W. 723, 724–5;

Kant, I. 641;

Locke, J. 552, 556, 557–8, 584;

logical analysis 738–44;

mathematics,Hobbes, T. 501;

nineteenth century 654;

Plato 135–6, 138–9, 148–56;

radical 723, 724–5

enclosure 577

end of the world, Stoicism 242–3, 244, 246

endogamy 621

Engels, Friedrich 659, 706–7, 712

England:

anti-Semitism 403;

Bentham, J. 656;

Byron, Lord 675;

Civil War 434, 502, 505, 548–9, 580;

conversion to Catholicism 358, 368–9;

divine right of kings 563–7;

end of Dark Ages 372;

Hobbes, T. 501–10;

liberalism 545, 547, 548–50;

Locke, J. 552, 563–7, 577–8, 579–82, 583–4;

Marx, K. 707;

monasteries 368–9;

More, T. 477;

nineteenth century 654;

papacy 433, 444, 446–7;

Reformation 482;

Revolution of 1688 550, 551–2, 563, 580;

Roman Empire 257;

romantic movement 618–19;

Wycliffe 446–7

Enoch, Book of 299–300, 301

enthusiasm 26, 28, 553–4, 638

Epaphroditus 248

Ephesus, Council (431) 343, 350

Epictetus 248, 249, 250–2, 253–4;

Roman influence 262;

soul 242;

Stoicism 241, 247

Epicureans 211, 230–40;

Aristotle's doctrine of the soul 165;

Plotinus 272;

Roman influence 261–2, 263

Epicurus 71, 72–3, 230–40

epicycles 485, 486, 488

equality:

Aristotle 169, 171–2, 177, 183, 184;

Bentham, J. 700;

Darwin, C. 658;

Hobbes, T. 504–5;

liberalism 545;

Locke, J. 569–70;

Rousseau, J. J. 632;

Stoicism 256

Erasmus, Desiderius 472–6, 477

Erastianism 338, 669

Eratosthenes 206–7, 215

errors:

Aristotle 190–1

eschatology 338–9

essence:

Aquinas, St Thomas 420, 421–2, 427;

Aristotle 161–3,