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94. Colcombe SJ, Erickson KI, Raz N, Webb AG, Cohen NJ, McAuley E, Kramer AF Aerobic fitness reduces brain tissue loss in aging humans. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003 Feb;58(2):176–80.

95. Adlard PA, Perreau VM, Pop V, Cotman CW. Voluntary exercise decreases amyloid load in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci. 2005 Apr 27;25(17):4217–21.

96. Booth FW, Laye MJ, Lees SJ, Rector RS, Thyfault JP. Reduced physical activity and risk of chronic disease: the biology behind the consequences. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007 Nov 7.

97. Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, Armstrong WT, Ports TA, McLanahan SM, Kirkeeide RL, Brand RJ, Gould KL. Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial. Lancet. 1990 Jul 21;336(8708):129–33.

98. Yanek LR, Becker DM, Moy TF, Gittelsohn J, Koffman DM. Project Joy: faith based cardiovascular health promotion for African American women. Public Health Rep. 2001;116 Suppl 1:68–81.

99. Deacon, T The Symbolic Species: The Co-evolution of Language and the Brain. Norton, 1997.

100. Green AF, Rebok G, Lyketsos CG. Influence of social network characteristics on cognition and functional status with aging. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008 May 1.

Holtzman RE, Rebok GW, Saczynski JS, Kouzis AC, Wilcox Doyle K, Eaton WW. Social network characteristics and cognition in middle-aged and older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2004 Nov;59(6):P278–84.

Seeman TE, Lusignolo TM, Albert M, Berkman L. Social relationships, social support, and patterns of cognitive aging in healthy, high-functioning older adults: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Health Psychol. 2001 Jul;20(4):243–55.

Unger JB, McAvay G, Bruce ML, Berkman L, Seeman T Variation in the impact of social network characteristics on physical functioning in elderly persons: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1999; 54(5):S245–S251.

Bassuk SS, Glass TA, Berkman LF Social disengagement and incident cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly persons. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131(3):165–173.

101. Note: Since it is often inappropriate to conduct isolation experiments on humans, nonhuman experiments from many fields of inquiry are used to demonstrate that similar damage is caused to people who are placed in situations of social isolation.

Ibi D, Takuma K, Koike H, Mizoguchi H, Tsuritani K, Kuwahara Y, Kamei H, Nagai T, Yoneda Y, Nabeshima T, Yamada K. Social isolation rearing-induced impairment of the hippocampal neurogenesis is associated with deficits in spatial memory and emotion-related behaviors in juvenile mice. J Neurochem. 2008 May;105(3):921–32.

Bock J, Murmu RP, Ferdman N, Leshem M, Braun K. Refinement of dendritic and synaptic networks in the rodent anterior cingulate and or-bitofrontal cortex: critical impact of early and late social experience. Dev Neurobiol. 2008 Apr;68(5):685–95.

Fone KC, Porkess MV. Behavioural and neurochemical effects of post-weaning social isolation in rodents-Relevance to developmental neuropsy-chiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008 Mar 18.

Pibiri F, Nelson M, Guidotti A, Costa E, Pinna G. Decreased corticolimbic allopregnanolone expression during social isolation enhances contextual fear: A model relevant for posttraumatic stress disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Apr 8;105(14):5567–72.

102. Frankl, V. Man's Search for Meaning. Washington Square Press, 1959.

103. See our last book, Born to Believe, for an in-depth look at the placebo effect and the power that beliefs have on our physiological health.

104. Sharot T, Riccardi AM, Raio CM, Phelps EA. Neural mechanisms mediating optimism bias. Nature. 2007 Nov 1;450(7166):102–5.

105. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/positive-thinking/SR00009.

Kung S, Rummans TA, Colligan RC, Clark MM, Sloan JA, Novotny PJ, Huntington JL. Association of optimism-pessimism with quality of life in patients with head and neck and thyroid cancers. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006