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2. Charleston Mercury (South Carolina), November 29, 1859.

3. J. G. Holland, The Life of Abraham Lincoln (Springfield, IL: Gurdon Bill, 1866), 301–2.

John A. Quitman

1. Memphis Daily Appeal, August 9, 1855.

2. Robert E. May, The Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire, 1854–1861 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1973).

3. London Times, September 24, 1849; New York Herald, May 10, 1849.

4. Tom Chaffin, Fatal Glory: Narciso López and the First Clandestine U.S. War against Cuba (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996), 204–14.

5. Clark E. Carr, Stephen A. Douglas: His Life, Public Services, Speeches, and Patriotism (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1909), 12.

Clarina Nichols

1. New York Herald, July 20, 1859.

2. Clarina Nichols, “The Responsibilities of Woman,” speech at the Woman’s Right Convention, October 15, 1841, in Woman’s Rights Tracts, no. 5 (Boston: R. F. Wallcut, 1854), 1.

3. Diane Eickhoff, Revolutionary Heart: The Life of Clarina Nichols and the Pioneering Crusade for Women’s Rights (Kansas City: Quindaro Press, 2006), 30–34.

4. Nichols, “Responsibilities,” 14–15.

5. Ibid., 15.

6. Ibid., 17–18.

Lyman Cutler’s Neighbor’s Pig

1. U.S. Department of State, The Northwest Boundary: Discussion of the Water Boundary Question; Geographical Memoir of the Islands in Dispute; and History of the Military Occupation of San Juan Island (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1868), 183.

2. Scott Kaufman, The Pig War: The United States, Britain, and the Balance of Power in the Pacific Northwest, 1846–72 (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2004), 11–12.

3. Andrew Fish, “Last Phase of the Oregon Boundary Question: The Struggle for San Juan Island,” Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society 22, no. 3 (September 1921): 188–89.

4. Kaufman, Pig War, 41; L. U. Reavis, The Life and Military Services of Gen. William Selby Harney (St. Louis: Bryan, Brand, 1878), 51, 171–75; New York Herald, July 9, 1845.

5. Kaufman, Pig War, 43; Tom H. Inkster, “Storm over the San Juans,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 17, no. 1 (Winter 1967): 42–43.

6. Herbert Hunt and Floyd C. Kaylor, Washington West of the Cascades, vol. 1 (Chicago: Clarke, 1917), 199.

Robert W. Steele

1. “Constitution of the State of Jefferson,” Rocky Mountain News, August 20, 1859. The boundaries stipulated in this constitution—lat 43° N, long 102° W, lat 37° N, and long 110° W—differ markedly from those that had been stipulated in H.R. 835. Further confusion exists due to an error of unknown origin in which different northern, western, and southern borders are cited in sources such as the Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004) and in the initial printings of, unfortunately, my previous book, How the States Got Their Shapes.

2. There was a different Robert W. Steele (1857–1910), who served as chief justice of the Colorado Supreme Court.

3. Stephen Harriman Long, Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, vol. 3 (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1825), 236.

4. Frederic L. Paxson, “The Territory of Colorado,” University of Colorado Studies, vol. 4 (Boulder: University of Colorado, 1906–7).

5. Rocky Mountain News, September 19, 1860.

6. Ovando J. Hollister, The Mines of Colorado (Springfield, MA: Bowles, 1867), 93.

Francis H. Pierpont

1. Marian Mills Miller, ed., Life and Works of Abraham Lincoln, vol. 6 (New York: Current Literature, 1907), 206.

2. National Intelligencer (Washington, DC), October 30, 1829.

3. The North American and Daily Advertiser (Philadelphia), July 14, 1842; Boston Daily Atlas, June 26, 1845.

4. “Oration of Mr. Webster,” National Intelligencer, July 8, 1851.

5. Remarks of Judge Alston G. Dayton, in Statue of Governor Francis Harrison Pierpont: Proceedings in Statuary Hall (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1910), 47–48.

6. Vasan Kesavan and Michael Stokes Paulsen, “Is West Virginia Unconstitutional?” California Law Review 90, no. 2