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7. James Morton Callahan, Semi-Centennial History of West Virginia (Charleston, WV: Semi-Centennial Commission of West Virginia, 1913), 146.

8. North American and United States Gazette (Philadelphia), June 19, 1863.

9. Cleveland Herald, May 13, 1863.

Francisco Perea and John S. Watts

1. W. H. H. Allison, “Colonel Francisco Perea,” Old Santa Fe: A Magazine of History, Archaeology, Genealogy and Biography 1, no. 2 (October 1913): 217.

2. Deren Earl Kellogg, “Lincoln’s New Mexico Patronage: Saving the Far Southwest for the Union,” New Mexico Historical Review 76 (October 2000): 511–33.

3. Allison, “Colonel Francisco Perea,” 218.

Sidney Edgerton and James Ashley

1. James M. Ashley to William H. Hunt, April 28, 1892, in J. M. Ashley, “The Naming of Montana,” Montana Magazine of History 2, no. 3 (July 1952): 66; Sidney Edgerton to William H. Hunt, May 23, 1892, in Anne McDonnell, “Edgerton and Lincoln,” Montana Magazine of History 1, no. 4 (October 1951): 44.

2. Martha Edgerton Plassmann, “Biographical Sketch of Hon. Sidney Edgerton,” in Contributions to the Historical Society of Montana, vol. 3 (Helena, MT: State Publishing, 1900), 336–37.

3. Hubert Howe Bancroft, The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, vol. 31 (San Francisco: History Company, 1890), 643; James M. Hamilton, From Wilderness to Statehood: A History of Montana, 1805–1900 (Portland, OR: Binfords & Mort, 1957), 274; Merle W. Wells, “How Idaho Became a Territory,” in Richard W. Etulain and Bert W. Marley, eds., The Idaho Heritage (Boise: Idaho University Press, 1974), 32n, 44.

William H. Seward

1. Frederic Bancroft, The Life of William H. Seward, vol. 2 (New York: Harper, 1900), 135.

2. Ibid., 151, 225.

3. Frank A. Golder, “The Purchase of Alaska,” American Historical Review 25, no. 3 (April 1920): 411–12.

4. New York Herald, March 31, 1867; Albany Evening Journal, April 1, 1867; Columbus Ledger-Enquirer, April 4, 1867.

5. Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, April 3, 1867; Cincinnati Daily Gazette, April 4, 1867.

6. George E. Baker, ed., The Works of William H. Seward (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1884), 574; Congressional Globe, appendix, 40th Cong., 2nd sess., 402, 403, 491

Standing Bear v. Crook

1. United States ex rel. Standing Bear v. Crook, 25 F. Cas. 695 (1879).

2. Valerie Sherer Mathes and Richard Lowitt, The Standing Bear Controversy: Prelude to Indian Reform (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003), 14; Stephen Dando-Collins, Standing Bear Is a Person: The Story of a Native American’s Quest for Justice (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2004), 37; James A. Lake Sr., “Standing Bear! Who?” Nebraska Law Review 60, no. 3 (1981): 469.

3. Testimony Relating to the Removal of the Ponca Indians, 46th Cong., 2nd sess., Senate Report no. 670, 51.

4. Mathes and Lowitt, Standing Bear Controversy, 25n, 50–52, 60.

5. Stanley Clark, “Ponca Publicity,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 29, no. 4 (March 1943): 507.

Lili’uokalani and Sanford Dole

1. Eugene Tyler Chamberlain, “The Hawaiian Situation,” North American Review 157, no. 445 (December 1893): 731.

2. Caspar Whitney, Hawaiian America: Something of Its History, Resources, and Prospects (New York: Harper, 1899), 135.

3. William A. Russ Jr., “The Role of Sugar in Hawaiian Annexation,” Pacific Historical Review 12, no. 4 (December 1943): 341; L. A. Beardslee, “Pilkias,” North American Review 167, no. 503 (October 1898): 473.

4. Edmund Janes Carpenter, America in Hawaii: A History of the United States Influence in the Hawaiian Islands (Boston: Small, Maynard, 1899), 185–86.

5. New York Times, July 7, 1897.

6. Henry Miller Madden, “Letters of Sanford B. Dole and John W. Burgess,” Pacific Historical Review 5, no. 1 (March 1936): 71–75.

7. Los Angeles Times, January 15, 1922.

Alfalfa Bill Murray, Edward P. McCabe, and Chief Green McCurtain

1. From the point of view of Congress and many American Indians, communal ownership of the land enabled those in leadership roles to enrich themselves while the majority of the tribe remained mired in poverty. See Angie Debo, The Rise and