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2. Cherokee Advocate (Tahlequah, OK), September 19, 1896.

3. Idaho Daily Statesman (Boise), August 8, 1911.

4. Keith L. Bryant Jr., “Alfalfa Bill” Murray (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1968), 38.

5. Daniel F. Littlefield Jr. and Lonnie E. Underhill, “Black Dreams and ‘Free’ Homes: The Oklahoma Territory, 1891–1894,” Phylon 34, no. 4 (December 1973): 352.

6. Jere W. Roberson, “Edward P. McCabe and the Langston Experiment,” Chronicles of Oklahoma 51, no. 3 (Fall 1973): 350, 355.

7. Donald A. Grinde Jr. and Quintard Taylor, “Red vs. Black: Conflict and Accommodation in the Post Civil War Indian Territory,” American Indian Quarterly 8, no. 3 (Summer 1984): 211–29; Michael F. Doran, “Slaves of the Five Civilized Tribes,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 68, no. 3 (September 1978): 335–50.

8. Fort Worth Star-Telegram, December 28, 1910; Pawtucket Times (Rhode Island), December 28, 1910.

9. Associated Press report, New York Times, October 16, 1956.

Bernard J. Berry

1. New York Times, January 7, 1954.

Luis Ferré

1. Hearing before the House Committee on Resources (serial no. 105–16), 105th Cong., 1st sess., 85.

2. Luis Ferré, Autobiografía de Luis A. Ferré (San Juan: Grupo Editorial Norma, 1992), 20. At the time of his father’s death in 1959, the company was valued at $50 million. See New York Times, November 14, 1959.

3. New York Times, March 29, 1946.

4. César J. Ayala and Rafael Bernabé, Puerto Rico in the American Century (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 225–26.

5. Chicago Tribune, May 2, 1954.

6. Ayala and Bernabé, Puerto Rico, 226.

7. Kal Wagenheim with Olga Jimenez De Wagenheim, eds., The Puerto Ricans: A Documentary History (New York: Praeger, 1973), 288.

8. Ibid., 287–89.

David Shafer

1. Chattanooga Times Free Press, February 2, 7, 21, 28, 2008.

2. Chattanooga Times Free Press, March 5, 2008.

3. Athens Banner-Herald, February 21, 2008; Atlanta Journal-Constitution, March 27, 2008.

4. Gregory Spies, “The Mystery of the Camak Stone,” Professional Surveyor Magazine (March 2004), http://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=1215.

5. E. Merton Coulter, “The Georgia-Tennessee Boundary Line,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 35 (December 1951): 269–306.

6. Virginia v. Tennessee, 148 U.S. 503 (1893); Georgia v. South Carolina, 497 U.S. 376 (1990).

Eleanor Holmes Norton

1. James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897, vol. 2 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1896), 47.

2. “Dover Resolves,” New Hampshire Gazette, January 14, 1774.

3. Joan Steinau Lester, Fire in My Soul: Eleanor Holmes Norton (New York: Atria Books, 2003), 54.

4. Johnny Barnes, “Towards Equal Footing: Responding to the Perceived Constitutional, Legal, and Practical Impediments to Statehood for the District of Columbia,” University of the District of Columbia Law Review 13, no. 1 (Spring 2010): 59.

5. Washington Post, September 23, 1920; August 7, 1940; August 8, 1967; June 18, 1971; May 16, 1984; January 25, 1985; May 27, 1987.

6. Washington Post, November 19, 1991.

7. Orrin G. Hatch, “ ‘No Right Is More Precious in a Free Country’: Allowing Americans in the District of Columbia to Participate in National Self-Government,” Harvard Journal on Legislation 45 (2008): 287–310.

Photography Credits

1.1 Courtesy of Roger Williams University Archives

2.1 Courtesy of the Library of Congress

5.1 © Alexandria-Washington Lodge No. 22, A.F. & A.M., Alexandria, Virginia. Photography by Arthur W. Pierson

8.1 Courtesy of the Library of Congress

9.1 Courtesy of the Library of Congress

10.1 From an engraving after the picture by W. Beechey published in Meares’ Voyages, 1790

11.1 © Bettmann/CORBIS

12.1 Courtesy of Trudy Hawley

15.1 National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution

16.1 National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution

17.1 Caruthersville Public Library

18.1 Courtesy of the Library of Congress

19.1 Courtesy