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Powell, J. M. (ed.). Muslims Under Latin Rule: 1100–1300. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990.

Power, Daniel, and Naomi Standen (eds.). Frontiers in Question: Eurasian Borderlands, 700–1700. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.

Prawer, Joshua. The Crusaders’ Kingdom: European Colonialism in the Middle Ages. New York: Praeger, 1972.

———. The World of the Crusaders. New York: Quadrangle Books, 1973.

Prescott, William H. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic. London. Swan Sonnenschein, 1886.

Preston, Cathy Lynn, and Michael J. Preston. The Other Print Tradition: Essays on Chapbooks, Broadsides and Related Ephemera. New York: Garland Publishing, 1995.

Quataert, Donald. “Clothing, Laws, State, and Society in the Ottoman Empire,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 29:3 (1997).

———. The Ottoman Empire: 1700–1922. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Rabbah, Saddek. L’Islam dans l’imaginaire occidental: Aux sources des discours. Beirut: Les Editions Al-Bouraq, 1998.

Ralston, David B. Importing the European Army: The Introduction of European Military Techniques and Institutions into the Extra-European World 1600–1914. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

Read, Jan. The Moors in Spain and Portugal. London: Faber, 1974.

Reglá, Juan. Estudios sobre los Moriscos. Valencia: Universidad de Valencia, 1971.

Reilly, Bernard F. The Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain: 1031–1157. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1995.

Renard, John. Islam and the Heroic Image: Themes in Literature and the Visual Arts. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1993.

Riches, David (ed.). The Anthropology of Violence. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986.

Rhodes, Neil, and Jonathan Sawday (eds.). The Renaissance Computer. New York: Routledge, 2000.

Riley-Smith, Jonathan. The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986.

———. What Were the Crusades? 2nd ed. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press, 2002.

———. The First Crusaders: 1095–1131. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

———. The Crusades: A Short History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987.

Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.). The Crusades: Idea and Reality, 1095–1274. London: Edward Arnold, 1981.

Rodgers, William L. Naval Warfare Under Oars. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute, 1939.

Rodinson, Maxime. Europe and the Mystique of Islam. Trans. Roger Veinus. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1987.

Rodinson, M. “The Western Image and Western Studies of Islam.” In J. Schacht and C. E. Bosworth (eds.), The Legacy of Islam. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974.

Roland, A. “Secrecy, Technology and War: Greek Fire and the Defense of Byzantium, 678–1204,” Technology and Culture 3 (1992).

Rosell, Cayetano. Historia de combate naval de Lepanto (1853). Madrid: Editora Nacional, 1971.

Rotter, Ekkehart. Abendland und Sarazenen: Das okzidentalischen Araberbild, seine Entstehung im Frühmittelalter. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1986.

Rouillard, Clarence Dana. The Turk in French History, Thought, and Literature: 1520–1660. Paris: Bouvin, 1941.

Rubia Barcia, José (ed.). Américo Castro and the Meaning of Spanish Civilisation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1976.

Rubin, Uri, and David S. Wasserstein (eds.). Dhimmis and Others: Jews and Christians and the World of Classical Islam. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1997.

Runciman, Steven. Byzantine Civilization. New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1933.

———. History of the Crusades. 3 vols. London: The Folio Society, 1994.

Russell, F. H. The Just War in the Middle Ages. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1975.

Safran, Janina. “Identity and Differentiation in Ninth Century Al-Andalus,” Speculum 76 (2001), pp. 573–98.

Sahas, Daniel J. John of Damascus on Islam: “The Heresy of the Ishmaelites.” Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972.

Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.

———. Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts