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Sanchez-Albornoz, Claudio. El Islam de España y el Occidente. Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 1974.

———. Spain: A Historical Enigma. Trans. Colette Joly Dees and David Sven Reher. Madrid: Fundación Universitaria Española, 1975.

Saunders, J. J. Aspects of the Crusades. Christchurch, New Zealand: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1968.

———. A History of Medieval Islam. New York: Routledge, 1990.

Schama, Simon. Dead Certainties: Unwarranted Speculations. New York: Vintage Books, 1992.

Schein, Sylvia. Fideles Crucis: The Papacy, the West, and the Recovery of the Holy Land, 1274–1314. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Schimmel, Annemarie. Islamic Names. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1989.

———. Calligraphy and Islamic Culture. New York: New York University Press, 1984.

Schwartz, Stuart B. (ed.). Implicit Understandings: Observing, Reporting and Reflecting on the Encounters Between Europeans and Other Peoples in the Early Modern Era. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Scribner, R. W. For the Sake of the Simple Folk: Popular Propaganda for the German Reformation. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Sells, Michael A. The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1998.

Semaan, Khalil I. (ed.). Islam and the Medieval West: Aspects of Intercultural Relations. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1980.

Sénac, Philippe. L’occident médiéval face à l’Islam: L’image de l’autre. 2nd ed. Paris: Flammarion, 2000.

Setton, Kenneth M. Western Hostility to Islam and Prophecies of Turkish Doom. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society, 1992.

———. “Lutheranism and the Turkish Peril,” Balkan Studies 3 (1962).

———. Venice, Austria and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society, 1991.

Setton, Kenneth M. (ed.). A History of the Crusades. Vol. 1, The First Hundred Years, ed. M. W. Baldwin (1955). Vol. 2, The Later Crusades, ed. R. L. Wolff (1962). Vol. 3, The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, ed. H. W. Hazard (1975). Vol. 4, The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States, ed. H. W. Hazard (1977). 2nd ed. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969–89.

Shaheen, Jack G. Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People. Northampton, MA: Interlink, 2001.

Shahin, Emad Eldin. Through Muslim Eyes: M. Rashid Rida and the West. Herndon, VA: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 1993.

Shannon, Richard. Gladstone and the Bulgarian Agitation, 1876. New York: Nelson, 1963.

Sharafuddin, Mohammed. Islam and Romantic Orientalism: Literary Encounters with the Orient. New York: I. B. Tauris, 1996.

Sherrard, Philip. Constantinople: Iconography of a Sacred City. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.

Sherwin-White, A. N. Racial Prejudice in the Roman Empire. London: Cambridge University Press, 1967.

Shlain, Leonard. The Alphabet and the Goddess—Male Words and Female Images: The Conflict Between Word and Image. New York: Viking, 1998.

Shouby, E. “The Influence of the Arabic Language on the Psychology of the Arabs,” Middle East Journal 5 (1951).

Siberry, Elizabeth. Criticism of Crusading: 1095–1274. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.

Sicroff, Albert A. Les controverses des statuts de “pureté de sang” en Espagne du XVe au XVIIe siècle. Paris: Didier, 1960.

Sievernich, Gereon, and Hendrik Budde (eds.). Europa und der Orient: 800–1900. Berlin: Bertelsmann, 1989.

Sivan, Emmanuel. Islam et la croisade: Idéologie et la croisade dans les réactions Musulmanes aux croisades. Paris: Librairie d’ Amérique et d’Orient Adrien Maisonneuve, 1968.

Smail, R. C. Crusading Warfare: 1097–1193. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1956.

Smith, Colin (and C. H. Melville). Christians and Moors in Spain. 3 vols. Warminster: Aris and Phillips, 1988.

Smyth, Warington W. A Year with the Turks: Or Sketches of Travel in the European and Asiatic Dominions of the Sultan. New York: Redfield, 1854.

Southern, Richard. Western Views of Islam in the Middle