Inside Cyber Warfare - Jeffrey Carr [154]
[187] Tim Hudak, Zach Krajkowski, and Anthony Salerno, “Chinese Cyber Focus Likely On Enemy Military Networks; During Preconflict, China Likely To Use Cyber Attacks To Disrupt Enemy Infrastructure Using All Assets,” Wikispaces, accessed August 30, 2011, http://chinesehackingdisposition.wikispaces.com/.
[188] Bryan Krekel, “Capability of the People’s Republic of China to Conduct Cyber Warfare and Computer Network Exploitation,” Northrup Grumman, accessed August 30, 2011, http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2009/NorthropGrumman_PRC_Cyber_Paper_FINAL_Approved%20Report_16Oct2009.pdf.
Poland
Poland is intending to play a leading role in the NATO multinational cyber defense initiative that is to be up and running by the end of 2012. The cyber defense capabilities will be structured under the NATO C3 Agency, which is responsible for delivering C4ISR to NATO operations. In March 2011 NATO C3 Agency’s General Manager Georges D’hollander commented that “Poland is renowned for its cyber defense expertise.”[189]
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[189] “Poland to support NATO multinational cyber defence initiative,” NATO C3 Agency, March 28, 2011, accessed August 31, 2011, http://www.nc3a.nato.int/news/Pages/20110325-POL-security-visit.aspx.
Republic of Korea
The Korean Information Security Agency (KISA) was formed in 1996 to establish reliable information distribution and to develop appropriate responses to electronic infringement. As cyber attacks from North Korea increased, in 2004 South Korea was one of the first countries to establish a Computer Emergency Response Team (KrCERT).[190] The ROK is faced with enormous cyber pressure and attacks from the DPRK, and while no formal policy has been publicly released, the ROK has been increasing their cyber education capacity, a first and basic step to growing any cyber defense infrastructure.
The ROK army, in cooperation with Korea University, has formed a new cyber defense school, slated to open in 2012, which will admit 30 students a year in a four-year course.[191] Courses will include breaking malicious Internet codes, the psychological ramifications of cyber warfare, and cyber warfare tactics. The army hopes that the school will ensure a steady supply of cyber experts to offset the DPRK’s cyber offensive. Similar to US ROTC programs, if the students join the army after university, the army will pay their tuition.[192]
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[190] KrCERT/CC home page, Korea Internet Security Center, accessed August 31, 2011, http://www.krcert.or.kr/english_www/.
[191] “South Korea opens cyber-war school,” The Times Live, June 29, 2011, accessed August 31, 2011, http://www.timeslive.co.za/scitech/2011/06/29/south-korea-opens-cyber-war-school.
[192] Rick Martin, “South Korean University Students Can Now Major in Cyber Warfare,” Penn Olson, The Asian Tech Catalog, July 1, 2011, accessed August 31, 2011, http://www.penn-olson.com/2011/07/01/south-korea-cyber-warfare-university/.
Russian Federation
See Chapter 15.
Singapore
In October 2009 Singapore established the Singapore Infocomm Technology Security Authority (SITSA), which was designed to be the national specialist authority in safeguarding the country against cyber threats. SITSA is structured under the Ministry of Home Affairs Internal Security Department. The agency will improve upon the current cyber defense capabilities by coordinating with private sector businesses. In addition, the authority will conduct simulations and exercises to strengthen the country’s cyber security by training with real-world evolving threats.[193]
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[193] Dawn Tay, “Govt sets up cyber-security agency,” AsiaOne News, October 1, 2009, accessed August 31, 2011, http://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20091001-171044.html.
South Africa
In February 2010 the South African Department of Communication (DOC) released a draft policy on cyber security. The draft not only outlined the DOC’s intentions to enhance cyber security in all facets of the country, but also to increase collaboration with state-run security centers.